ENDNOTES 1035 1036 1037 1038 1039 1040 1041 1042 1043 1044 1045 1046 1047 1048 1049 1050 1051 1052 1053 1054 1055 1056 1057 1058 1059 1060 1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 312 “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 14, 2023), https:// www.unhcr.org/global-trends-report-2022. Ayane Odagawa et al., “Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan” (UNHCR, December 2017), https://www.unhcr.org/jp/wpcontent/uploads/sites/34/2018/01/TYPOLOGY-OF-STATELESS-PERSONS-IN-JAPAN_webEnglish.pdf. Study Group on Statelessness in Japan, ‘Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan’ (Report, UNHCR 2017), (https://www.unhcr. org/jp/wp-content/uploads/sites/34/2018/01/TYPOLOGY-OF-STATELESS-PERSONS-IN-JAPAN_webEnglish.pdf) See Causes of Statelessness Below. Lori Watt, 'Statelessness in East Asia after World War II',’ Stateless Histories, (January 24, 2022) <https://statelesshistories. org/article/post-world-war-ii-east-asia-in-the-global-history-of-statelessness> Lori Watt, 'Statelessness in East Asia after World War II',’ Stateless Histories, (January 24, 2022) <https://statelesshistories. org/article/post-world-war-ii-east-asia-in-the-global-history-of-statelessness> Chie Komai and Fumie Azukizawa, 'Stateless persons from Thailand in Japan' [2009] Forced Migration Review <https://www. fmreview.org/sites/fmr/files/FMRdownloads/en/statelessness/komai-azukizawa.pdf> UNHCR Global Trends 2022 (June 2023) Annex, Table 5. NHCR, The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol (https://www.unhcr.org/media/1951convention-relating-status-refugees-and-its-1967-protocol). Osamu Arakaki and Wawine Waworuntu Yamashita, ‘Case Note: Tokyo High Court, Judgment, Heisei 30 (Gyou-ko), No 232 (29 January 2020)’ (2020) 2(2) Statelessness & Citizenship Review 317. Japan, Population Census 2020' Table50. Population by Sex and Nationality (Detailed groups) Odagawa et al., “Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan.” South Korea provides statistics on the citizenship of international migrants annually – see KOSIS, 'International Migration of foreigners by sex and citizenship' (2021) US Department of State, ‘Japan 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 17. See further Rike Lee, ‘Stateless Identity of Korean Diaspora: The Second Generation in Prewar Hawai’i and Postwar Japan’ (2020) 28 Japanese Journal of Policy and Culture 55. https://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1682 E-Stat, ‘Statistics of Foreign Residents (Former Statistics of Registered Foreigners) December 2021 <https://www.e-stat.go.jp/stat-search/ files?page=1&layout=datalist&toukei=00250012&tstat=000001018034&cycle=1&year= 20210&month=24101212&tclass1=000001060399> See Abe Kohki, ‘Overview of Statelessness: International and Japanese Context’ (Report, UNHCR 2010); Osamu Araki, ‘Statelessness Conventions and Japanese Laws: Convergence and Divergence’ (Report, UNHCR 2015); Study Group on Statelessness in Japan, ‘Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan’ (Report, UNHCR 2017) fn 17 (and citations listed therein); Chen Tien-Shi, ‘Statelessness in Japan: Management and Challenges’ (2012) 21(1) Journal of Population and Social Studies 70; Sari K Ishii, ‘Access to Citizenship for Abandoned Children: How Migrant’s Children Become “Stateless” in Japanese Orphanages’ (2021) 47(5) Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 970; Rike Lee, ‘Stateless Identity of Korean Diaspora: The Second Generation in Prewar Hawai’i and Postwar Japan’ (2020) 28 Japanese Journal of Policy and Culture 55; Ibid. Nationality Law No 147 (1950) s 2(3). See Sari K Ishii, ‘Access to Citizenship for Abandoned Children: How Migrant’s Children Become “Stateless” in Japanese Orphanages’ (2021) 47(5) Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 970 ’77 Pct of Children Born Stateless in Japan Acquire Nationality’, Nippon (20 July 2021) <https://www.nippon.com/en/news/ yjj2021072000521/>. Study Group on Statelessness in Japan, ‘Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan’ (Report, UNHCR 2017)137. Study Group on Statelessness in Japan, ‘Typology of Stateless Persons in Japan’ (Report, UNHCR 2017) 138. https://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1682 “2022 Human Rights Report: Japan,” United States Department of State (blog), 2022, https://www.state.gov/reports/2022country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/japan/. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, ‘TREATY OF PEACE WITH JAPAN’ (https://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/treaty/htmls/BS38-P2-795.html) Notification (tsuutatsu) titled “Regarding the process of nationality and family registration affairs in respect of Koreans, Taiwanese and other nationals in connection with the Treaty of Pease with Japan” as of 19 April 1952 (Ministry of Justice minji kou No. 438). Supreme Court, 1st Petty Bench, 12 March 1998 (minshu 52-2-342). Supreme Court, 1st Petty Bench, 8 July 2004 (minshu 58-5-1328). Act for Partial Amendments of the Civil Code and Other Laws (Act No. 102 of 2022) (https://www.moj.go.jp/ content/001386616.pdf (available only in Japanese)). Japan Federation of Bar Association, “Statement Calling for Applying the Newly Introduced Article 3, Paragraph 3 of the Nationality Law in a Manner that Gives Maximum Consideration to the Human Rights of Affected Children, and Reviewing the Nationality System as a Whole” (https://www.nichibenren.or.jp/en/document/statements/221226.html) Japan Lawyers Network for Refugees “Statement Opposing the Establishment of a New Article 3(3) of the Nationality Law by the Bill Amending Part of the Civil Code, etc.” (http://www.jlnr.jp/jlnr/?p=7759 (available only in Japanese)) UNHCR Comments on the "Bill for Partial Amendments of the Civil Code and Other Laws" submitted to the 210th Diet Session on 14 October 2022 with Regard to the Part Concerning Amendments to Article 3 of the Nationality Law of Japan (https://www.refworld.org/country,,,,JPN,,63610d624,0.html). STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC (DETAILED VERSION) ENDNOTES 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 1073 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 “The Ministry of Justice : Nationality Q&A,” Ministry of Justice of Japan, accessed December 13, 2023, https://www.moj. go.jp/EN/MINJI/minji78.html#a06. “Do You Need to Pass a Japanese Language Test to Naturalize as a Japanese Citizen?,” Ohara & Furukawa (blog), April 11, 2016, https://oharalaw-japan.com/2016/04/11/need-pass-japanese-language-test-naturalize-japanese-citizen/. “The Ministry of Justice : Nationality Q&A.” “Data Warehouse,” UNICEF DATA, accessed November 7, 2023, https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef_f/. Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) Article 7(1). Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) Article 7(2). Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) Article 8. Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) Article 9(1). Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) Article 4(2). Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) Article 4(1). Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) Article 4(2). Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) s 11, see also s 12 grounds for denial of cessation do not include causing or risking statelessness. Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) s 4. UNHCR, ‘Submission by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees for the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights’ Compilation Report-Universal Periodic Review: Mongolia’ (April 2010); UNHCR, ‘Submission by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees for the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights’ Compilation Report-Universal Periodic Review: Mongolia’ (April 2014). Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Mongolia, 10 November 2022, E/C.12/MNG/CO/5, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download. aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FMNG%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Mongolia, 10 November 2022, E/C.12/MNG/CO/5, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download. aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FMNG%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Mongolia, 10 November 2022, E/C.12/MNG/CO/5, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download. aspx?symbolno=E%2FC.12%2FMNG%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding observations on the combined twenty-third and twentyfourth periodic reports of Mongolia, 17 September 2019, CERD/C/MNG/CO/23-24, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr. org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD%2FC%2FMNG%2FCO%2F23-24&Lang=en UN General Assembly, International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 16 December 1966, United Nations, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36c0.html; UN General Assembly, International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, 21 December 1965, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, p. 195, available at: https://www. refworld.org/docid/3ae6b3940.html. Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding observations on the combined twenty-third and twentyfourth periodic reports of Mongolia, 17 September 2019, CERD/C/MNG/CO/23-24, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr. org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD%2FC%2FMNG%2FCO%2F23-24&Lang=en Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding observations on the combined twenty-third and twentyfourth periodic reports of Mongolia, 17 September 2019, CERD/C/MNG/CO/23-24, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr. org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD%2FC%2FMNG%2FCO%2F23-24&Lang=en Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of Mongolia, 12 July 2017, CRC/C/MNG/CO/5, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download. aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2FMNG%2FCO%2F5&Lang=en “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 14, 2023), https://www.unhcr.org/global-trends-report-2022; “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 16, 2022), https://www.unhcr.org/us/media/40152; “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2019” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 18, 2020), https://www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/ globaltrends/globaltrends2019/. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 18, 2021), https:// www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/60b638e37/global-trends-forced-displacement-2020.html. https://1212.mn/BookLibraryDownload.ashx?url=Census2020_Mongolia_Eng.pdf&ln=En United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Universal Periodic Review: Mongolia, April 2010, available at: https://www. ohchr.org/sites/default/files/lib-docs/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session9/MN/UNHCR_HighCommissionerforRefugees_1. pdf UNHCR, 'Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ Compilation Report - Universal Periodic Review: Mongolia', 4, <https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/libdocs/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/session9/MN/UNHCR_HighCommissionerforRefugees_1.pdf> “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2019.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021.” Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” UNHCR, ‘Submission by the United Nations High Commission for Refugees for the Office of the High Commission for Human Rights’ Compilation Report-Universal Periodic Review: Mongolia’ (April 2010) 3–5; Committee on the Rights of the Child, ‘Concluding Observations on the Fifth Periodic Report of Mongolia’ UN Doc CRC/C/MNG/CO/5 (12 July 2017) [20]. 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