ENDNOTES 902 903 904 905 906 907 908 909 910 911 912 913 914 915 916 917 918 919 920 921 308 Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports of China, adopted by the Committee at its sixty-fourth session (16 September–4 October 2013), 29 October 2013, CRC/C/CHN/ CO/3-4, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2 FCHN%2FCO%2F3-4&Lang=en Fei-Ling Wang, “China’s Household Registration (Hukou) System: Discrimination and Reform,” Congressional-Executive Commission on China, September 2, 2005, https://www.cecc.gov/events/roundtables/chinas-household-registration-hukousystem-discrimination-and-reform. Wang. UNHCR Global Trends 2021 (June 2022) Annex, Table 5. See Chae Mims, ‘The Statelessness of the Children of North Korean Women Defectors in China’ (2021) 24(2) Human Rights Brief 98; Choo Chin Low, ‘Report on Citizenship Law: China and Taiwan’ (Country Report, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, 2016); Samantha A Vortherms, ‘China’s Missing Children: Political Barriers to Citizenship through the Household Registration System’ (2019) 238 The Chine Quarterly 309; I Si Yoon, ‘Cosmopolitanism: The Foundational Ground for a More Inclusive Understanding of Belonging to Protect Human Rights of North Korean Stateless Women’ (2020) 58(2) International Migration 67; Kyle Van Fleet and Shin Ji Kang, ‘Case Studies of Statelessness: North Koreans Born in China, Rohingya in Myanmar, and Palestinians under the Arab League’ (2018) LI(2) Towson University Journal of International Affairs 49; Jeanyoung Jeannie Cho, ‘Systemizing the Fate of the Stateless North Korean Migrants: A Legal Guide to Prevention the Automatic Repatriation of North Korean Migrants in China’ (2013) 37(1) Fordham International Law School 175; Lu Haina and Hao Wanyuan, ‘Protection of Stateless Persons in China: A Human Rights Perspective’ (2017) 12(3) Frontier of Law in China 404; Stephanie Anne Gordon, ‘China’s Hidden Children: negotiating Documentation Denial and its Impact on a Population at Risk of Statelessness’ (DPhil, University of Leicester 2016); US Department of State, ‘China 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 60; Kyle Van Fleet and Shin Ji Kang, ‘Case Studies of Statelessness: North Koreans Born in China, Rohingya in Myanmar, and Palestinians under the Arab League’ (2018) LI(2) Towson University Journal of International Affairs 49; Jeanyoung Jeannie Cho, ‘Systemizing the Fate of the Stateless North Korean Migrants: A Legal Guide to Prevention the Automatic Repatriation of North Korean Migrants in China’ (2013) 37(1) Fordham International Law School 175. US Department of State, ‘China 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 60; Kyle Van Fleet and Shin Ji Kang, ‘Case Studies of Statelessness: North Koreans Born in China, Rohingya in Myanmar, and Palestinians under the Arab League’ (2018) LI(2) Towson University Journal of International Affairs 49; Jeanyoung Jeannie Cho, ‘Systemizing the Fate of the Stateless North Korean Migrants: A Legal Guide to Prevention the Automatic Repatriation of North Korean Migrants in China’ (2013) 37(1) Fordham International Law School 175. US Department of State, ‘China 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 60; Kyle Van Fleet and Shin Ji Kang, ‘Case Studies of Statelessness: North Koreans Born in China, Rohingya in Myanmar, and Palestinians under the Arab League’ (2018) LI(2) Towson University Journal of International Affairs 49; Jeanyoung Jeannie Cho, ‘Systemizing the Fate of the Stateless North Korean Migrants: A Legal Guide to Prevention the Automatic Repatriation of North Korean Migrants in China’ (2013) 37(1) Fordham International Law School 175. “About East Turkistan,” Campaign For Uyghurs (blog), accessed November 22, 2023, https://campaignforuyghurs.org/abouteast-turkistan/. Uyghur Human Rights Project, 'Weaponized Passports: the Crisis of Uyghur Statelessness' (April 2020), 3, <https://docs.uhrp. org/pdf/Weaponized_Passports.pdf> Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Concluding observations on the combined fourteenth to seventeenth periodic reports of China (including Hong Kong, China and Macao, China), 19 September 2018, CERD/C/CHN/CO/14-17, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CERD%2FC%2FCHN %2FCO%2F14-17&Lang=en Lindsay Maizland, 'China’s Repression of Uyghurs in Xinjiang' (Council on Foreign Relations, (September 22, 2022), <www.cfr. org/backgrounder/china-xinjiang-uyghurs-muslims-repression-genocide-human-rights> Lindsay Maizland, 'China’s Repression of Uyghurs in Xinjiang' (Council on Foreign Relations, (September 22, 2022), <www.cfr. org/backgrounder/china-xinjiang-uyghurs-muslims-repression-genocide-human-rights> Lindsay Maizland, 'China’s Repression of Uyghurs in Xinjiang' (Council on Foreign Relations, (September 22, 2022), <www.cfr. org/backgrounder/china-xinjiang-uyghurs-muslims-repression-genocide-human-rights> Uyghur Human Rights Project, 'Weaponized Passports: the Crisis of Uyghur Statelessness' (April 2020), 4, <https://docs.uhrp. org/pdf/Weaponized_Passports.pdf> Human Rights Watch, 'One Passport, Two Systems: China’s Restrictions on Foreign Travel by Tibetans and Others' (September 2015), <https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/07/13/one-passport-two-systems/chinas-restrictions-foreign-traveltibetans-and-others> Uyghur Human Rights Project, 'Weaponized Passports: the Crisis of Uyghur Statelessness' (April 2020), 4, <https://docs.uhrp. org/pdf/Weaponized_Passports.pdf> Human Rights Watch, 'One Passport, Two Systems: China’s Restrictions on Foreign Travel by Tibetans and Others' (September 2015), <https://www.hrw.org/report/2015/07/13/one-passport-two-systems/chinas-restrictions-foreign-traveltibetans-and-others> International Campaign for Tibet, 'A policy alienating Tibetans: The denial of passports to Tibetans as China intensifies control' (July 13, 2015), <https://savetibet.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/A-policy-alienating-Tibetans.pdf> International Campaign for Tibet, 'A policy alienating Tibetans: The denial of passports to Tibetans as China intensifies control' (July 13, 2015), <https://savetibet.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/A-policy-alienating-Tibetans.pdf> STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC (DETAILED VERSION) ENDNOTES 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 932 933 934 935 936 937 938 939 940 941 942 943 944 945 946 947 948 949 950 Samantha A Vortherms, ‘China’s Missing Children: Political Barriers to Citizenship through the Household Registration System’ (2019) 238 The Chine Quarterly 309. Stephanie Gordon, ‘China’s Hidden Children’, The Diplomat (online, 12 March 2015) <https://thediplomat.com/2015/03/chinas-hidden-children/>; Coco Liu and Shanshan Chen, ‘Lost Lives: The Battle of China’s Invisible Children to Recover Missed Years’, Reuters (online, 14 December 2016) <https://www.reuters.com/article/ us-china-children-policy-idUSKBN1431CX>. US Department of State, ‘China 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 73. US Department of State, ‘China 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 56-57. Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 6. Huang Yujia and Ye Ruolin, ‘With Few Abandoned Babies, China’s Orphanages Stand Empty’, Sixth Tone (25 March 2021) <https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1007569/with-far-fewer-abandoned-babies%2C-chinas-orphanages-stand-empty>. Ibid. See also, Li Hui and Ben Blanchard, ‘China’s Unwanted Babies Once Mostly Girls, Now Mostly Sick, Disabled’, Reuters (3 February 2014. Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 9-10. Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 6. See Chae Mims, ‘The Statelessness of the Children of North Korean Women Defectors in China’ (2021) 24(2) Human Rights Brief 98; Choo Chin Low, ‘Report on Citizenship Law: China and Taiwan’ (Country Report, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, 2016). US Department of State, ‘China 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 73. UNICEF, 'Global Databases: Birth Registration Rates 2023' (2023) <https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-protection/birthregistration>; Stephanie Gordon, 'China’s hidden children: denied documents and at risk of statelessness,’ European Network on Statelessness, (January 19, 2017) <www.statelessness.eu/updates/blog/chinas-hidden-children-denied-documents-andrisk-statelessness> Minority Rights Group International, 'Asia,' <https://stories.minorityrights.org/statelessness/chapter/asia> Stephanie Gordon, 'China’s hidden children: denied documents and at risk of statelessness,’ European Network on Statelessness, (January 19, 2017) <www.statelessness.eu/updates/blog/chinas-hidden-children-denied-documents-and-riskstatelessness> Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports of China, adopted by the Committee at its sixty-fourth session (16 September–4 October 2013), 29 October 2013, CRC/C/CHN/ CO/3-4, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2 FCHN%2FCO%2F3-4&Lang=en Committee on the Rights of the Child, Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports of China, adopted by the Committee at its sixty-fourth session (16 September–4 October 2013), 29 October 2013, CRC/C/CHN/ CO/3-4, available at: https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC%2FC%2 FCHN%2FCO%2F3-4&Lang=en Notice from the Ministry of Health on strengthening the management of the launch of the new version of Medical Certificate of Birth (2004) para 1. “Obtain Birth Certificate in China,” Lawyers China, accessed December 17, 2023, https://lawyerschina.net/obtain-birthcertificate-in-china/. See the regulations or application guides published at municipal and provincial level. For example, for Zhejiang Province, see Management Measures for Medical Certificate of Birth in Zhejiang Province (2019) Article 26. Regulations on Household Registration of the People’s Republic of China (1958) s 7. The household registration system is managed at the local level. See birth registration application guide published on Shanghai online government services platform as an example (available in Chinese only): https://zwdt.sh.gov.cn/govPortals/ bsfw/item/2281b563-d8f6-4f8b-a78f-022232d55210. This is provided in regulations at municipal and provincial level. For example, for household registration in Shanghai, see Provisions on Management of Household Registration in Shanghai (2023) art. 28. See Dahe News, ‘A Female Senior High School Student Who Has Been Living under a Black Background for 18 Years Has Been Unable to Register for the College Entrance Examination and Needs a Birth Certificate to Settle Down.’ (Xinhuanet, 2015) <http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2015-09/16/c_128233734.htm> accessed 12 January 2024; China Youth Daily, ‘What to Do with the 13 Million “Black Households”’ (Xinhuanet, 2015) <http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/201512/08/c_128508504.htm> accessed 12 January 2024 Immigration Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. (20 January 2017). ‘General Information on Chinese Nationality’ Retrieved 8 November 2023, from: https:// www.immd.gov.hk/eng/services/chinese_nationality/general_info.html#:~:text=A%20%E2%80%9CChinese%20 citizen%E2%80%9D%20is%20a,Chinese%20nationality%2C%20are%20Chinese%20nationals; Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 4. Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 5. Immigration Department, The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China. (20 January 2017). ‘General Information on Chinese Nationality’ Retrieved 8 November 2023, from: https:// www.immd.gov.hk/eng/services/chinese_nationality/general_info.html#:~:text=A%20%E2%80%9CChinese%20 citizen%E2%80%9D%20is%20a,Chinese%20nationality%2C%20are%20Chinese%20nationals Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 7. Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 8. Nationality Law of the People’s Republic of China (1980) s 16. REPORT 2024 309