ENDNOTES 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 286 Kwan R, ‘“Taiwan Is My Home”: The People Who Never Want to Leave but Still Can’t Get Citizenship’ (Hong Kong Free Press HKFP, 8 February 2021) <https://hongkongfp.com/2021/02/06/taiwan-is-my-home-the-people-who-never-want-to-leavebut-still-cant-get-citizenship/> accessed 16 January 2024 Helen Lee and Sayuri Umeda, “South Korea: Permanent Dual Nationality Allowed after 60 Years,” web page, Library of Congress, August 24, 2010, https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2010-08-24/south-korea-permanent-dualnationality-allowed-after-60-years/. Brunei Nationality Act (2011) s 9(5)(b). Citizenship Act (1979) s 7(9) (Kiribati); Citizenship Act (1984) s 403(2) (Marshall Islands); The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan (2008) Article 6(3)(f); Law on Lao Nationality (2004) s 14; Nepal Citizenship Act (2006) s 5(iv)(c); Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 5; Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) s 11; “UNHCR’s Commentary on the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Tajikistan ‘On Nationality of the Republic of Tajikistan’” (UNHCR, May 2016), https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/576788a74.pdf. The Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan (2008) Article 6(3)(f). Law on Lao Nationality (2004) s 14. Nationality Act (Act No. 147 of 1950) (Japan), as amended (the Nationality Law) Article 5. Federated States of Micronesia Revised Code 2014 Title 7 Citizenship, s 102(3). Citizenship Act (1984) s 403(2) (Marshall Islands). Law of Mongolia on Citizenship (1995) Article 4(2). Nepal Citizenship Act (2006) s 5(iv)(c). “UNHCR’s Commentary on the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Tajikistan ‘On Nationality of the Republic of Tajikistan.’” Citizenship Act (1979) s 7(9) (Kiribati). “Universal Periodic Review: All Country Summary and Recommendations Related to the Right to a Nationality and the Rights of Stateless Persons: 38th Session, 3rd Cycle.” UN General Assembly, Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, 30 August 1961, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 989, p. 175, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b39620.html See Law of the Kyrgyz Republic on Citizenship of the Kyrgyz Republic, (2007) Chapter 3, Article 24. Nationality Act (2016) s 10(1) (South Korea). Citizenship Act (2008) s 10 (Tuvalu). Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2020) Chapter 3, Article 20. Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Citizenship of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2020) Chapter 3, Article 20. Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons’ United Nations Treaty Collection (Online, 30 September 2021) <https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20V/V-3.en.pdf> (‘1954 Convention’). Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness’ United national Treaty Collection (Online, 30 September 2021) <https:// treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20V/V-4.en.pdf> (’1961 Convention’). Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees’ United Nations Treaty Collection (Online, 30 September 2021) <https:// treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20V/V-2.en.pdf>; ‘Protocol relation to the Status of Refugees’ United Nations Treaty Collection (Online, 30 September 2021) <https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/ Volume%20I/Chapter%20V/V-5.en.pdf> (‘Refugee Convention and Protocol’). Convention on the Rights of the Child’ United Nations Treaty Collection (Online, 30 September 2021) <https://treaties. un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20IV/IV-11.en.pdf>; ‘Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women’ United Nations Treaty Collection (Online, 30 September 2021) <https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20IV/IV-8.en.pdf> (‘CEDAW’) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights’ United Nations Treaty Collection (Online, 30 September 2021) <https:// treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20IV/IV-4.en.pdf> (‘ICCPR’). International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ United Nations Treaty Collection (Online, 30 September 2021) <https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20IV/IV-3.en.pdf> (‘ICESCR’). International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination’ United Nations Treaty Collection (Online, 30 September 2021) <https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20I/Chapter%20IV/IV-2.en.pdf> (‘ICERD’). Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, ‘Statelessness in Numbers: 2020’ (Report, August 2020) <https://files.institutesi.org/ ISI_statistics_analysis_2020.pdf>. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 14, 2023), https:// www.unhcr.org/global-trends-report-2022. “Global Appeal 2023,” UNHCR Global Focus, accessed December 28, 2023, https://reporting.unhcr.org/globalappeal-2023. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 18, 2021), https:// www.unhcr.org/statistics/unhcrstats/60b638e37/global-trends-forced-displacement-2020.html; “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 16, 2022), https://www.unhcr.org/us/ media/40152; “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021”; “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Statelessness in the Kyrgyz Republic: Analysis of National Legislation” (UNHCR, May 2023), https://www.unhcr.org/ centralasia/wp-content/uploads/sites/75/2023/05/UNHCR-Kyrgyz-Statelessness-ENG-2023.pdf. STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC (DETAILED VERSION) ENDNOTES 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” The long-term resident ethnic Vietnamese population in Cambodia is a reported stateless population, but is discussed under ‘Persons at risk of statelessness’ as they are also classified as in situ. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” See Aamir Saeed, ‘Pakistan Says Will Solve “Tough Problem” of Vaccinating Over 3 Million Stateless People’, Arab News (26 May 2021) < https://www.arabnews.pk/node/1865021/pakistan>; Hajira Maryam. ‘Stateless and Helpless: The Plight of Ethnic Bengalis in Pakistan’, Al Jazeera (29 September 2021) <https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2021/9/29/statelessethnic-bengalis-pakistan>; Kamal Siddiqi, ‘The Hidden Ones’, The Express Tribune (27 July 2020) <https://tribune.com.pk/ story/2256814/the-hidden-ones>; ‘Pakistan — Situation of Afghan Refugees’ (European Union Agency for Asylum, May 2022) <https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/administration/easo/PLib/2022_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Pakistan_Situation_of_Afghan_ refugees.pdf>. See Michael Hutt, Unbecoming Citizens: Culture, Nationhood, and the Flight of Refugees from Bhutan (Oxford University Press, 2005); Tang Lay Lee, ‘Refugees from Bhutan: Nationality, Statelessness and the Right to Return’ (1998) 10(1–2) International Journal of Refugee Law 118; Ben Saul, ‘Cultural Nationalism, Self-Determination and Human Rights in Bhutan’ (2000) 12(3) International journal of Refugee Law 321. However, see the ‘Undetermined Nationality’ section below regarding the sizable population without confirmed citizenship in East Asia. Chen, “Producing Statelessness: How the Predicament of Migrant Workers Generates the Existence of Stateless Children in Taiwan.” “Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination Considers the Report of Kyrgyzstan,” OHCHR, April 25, 2018, https:// www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2018/04/committee-elimination-racial-discrimination-considers-report-kyrgyzstan. “UNHCR Project Helps Ethnic Minority in Fergana Valley Get Kyrgyz Nationality,” UNHCR, December 5, 2013, https://www. unhcr.org/us/news/stories/unhcr-project-helps-ethnic-minority-fergana-valley-get-kyrgyz-nationality. “UNHCR Project Helps Ethnic Minority in Fergana Valley Get Kyrgyz Nationality.” Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, Follow-up letter sent to the State party, 25 August 2021, CERD/104 th session/FU/MK/ks. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” UNHCR, ‘Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021’ (June 2022) Annex, Table 5 “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” ‘India: Rohingya Deported to Myanmar Face Danger’, Human Rights Watch (31 March 2022) < https://www.hrw.org/ news/2022/03/31/india-rohingya-deported-myanmar-face-danger>. Shaukat Paracha, ‘400,000 Rohingya Refugees Living in Pakistan, Reveals FO’, Aaj News (20 June 2022) <https://www.aaj.tv/ news/30289869>. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Hong Kong’s Stateless Children Lost in Translation as Refugee Claims Soar,” Reuters, June 19, 2016, sec. World, https://www. reuters.com/article/idUSKCN0Z503C/. US Department of State, ‘India 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 30. ‘Pakistan: Situation of Afghan Refugees’ (European Union Agency for Asylum, May 2022) <https://coi.euaa.europa.eu/ administration/easo/PLib/2022_05_EUAA_COI_Report_Pakistan_Situation_of_Afghan_refugees.pdf>. US Department of State, ‘Nepal 2021: Human Rights Report’ (April 2022) 19. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2019” (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, June 18, 2020), https:// www.unhcr.org/flagship-reports/globaltrends/globaltrends2019/. “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2019.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2020.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2021.” “Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2022.” Kiribati National Statistics Office, ‘2020 Population and House: General Report and Results’ (July 2021) 22, Table A-1e. Noncitizen Population by Country of Citizenship and Sex: 2020 PHC Kiribati; Vanuatu National Statistics Office, ‘2020 National Population and Housing Census’ (17 November 2021) 68 Table. 3.11: Non-Vanuatu Citizens Living in Private Households by Sex and Region of Citizenship; Statistics Bureau of Japan, ‘Population Census 2020’ (June 2021) Table50. Population by Sex and Nationality (Detailed groups); Laos Statistics Bureau, ‘The 4th Population and Housing Census 2015’ (2016) 123, Table P2.8 Total Foreign Population by Sex and Citizenship. Statistics Bureau of Japan, ‘Population Census 2020’ (June 2021) Table50. Population by Sex and Nationality (Detailed groups) Kiribati National Statistics Office, ‘2020 Population and House: General Report and Results’ (July 2021) 22, Table A-1e. Noncitizen Population by Country of Citizenship and Sex: 2020 PHC Kiribati; Vanuatu National Statistics Office, ‘2020 National Population and Housing Census’ (17 November 2021) 68 Table. 3.11: Non-Vanuatu Citizens Living in Private Households by Sex and Region of Citizenship; Laos Statistics Bureau, ‘The 4th Population and Housing Census 2015’ (2016) 123, Table P2.8 Total Foreign Population by Sex and Citizenship. REPORT 2024 287