BMJ Global Health
Funding This paper was made possible with funds from the Bill & Melinda Gates
Foundation (Grant Number: OPP1148933).
Patient and public involvement statement Given this was an analysis of pre-
existing data, we did not involve patients or the public in the design, conduct or
reporting of the research.
Patient consent for publication Not required.
Ethics approval Institutions conducting each MICS or DHS survey were responsible
for seeking ethical approval. The Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health IRB
approved this study (Protocol No: IRB17-0868). All datasets used in this paper were
deidentified.
Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.
Data availability statement All data are publicly available from the DHS (https://
www.dhsprogram.com/) and MICS (http://mics.unicef.org/) websites. The results of
all analyses are presented in the supplementary tables.
Open access This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported (CC BY 4.0) license, which permits
others to copy, redistribute, remix, transform and build upon this work for any
purpose, provided the original work is properly cited, a link to the licence is given,
and indication of whether changes were made. See: https://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by/4.0/.
ORCID iDs
Amiya Bhatia http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8163-2568
Nancy Krieger https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4815-5947
Aluisio J D Barros http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2022-8729
Cesar Victora http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2465-2180
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