REFUGEES FROM GENERATION TO GENERATION UNHCR, APRIL 2023 Annex 1: Methodology The research consisted of a law and policy review, a survey of a representative and randomly chosen sample of long-term refugees in each country, focus groups with long-term refugees and host communities, and key informant interviews. The approach thus blended qualitative and quantitative methodologies. National consultants worked together with UNHCR staff in each country to conduct the research. Law and policy review: A desktop study – see further annexes to this report -- established the international and regional standards in relation to statelessness and the right to a nationality, and law and policy frameworks at national level. This review formed the basis for development of other research tools. Survey: A survey questionnaire was developed, and a sample of adult refugees were surveyed for their views across the three countries. In addition to the main population groups indicated above, those surveyed included some long-term Burundian refugees in Rwanda and DRC, and Congolese refugees in Uganda. A total of 1,431 refugees were surveyed: 622 in DRC (mainly from Rwanda and a few from Burundi), 415 in Uganda (mainly from South Sudan and a few from DRC), and 394 in Rwanda (mainly from DRC and a few from Burundi). Among those surveyed, 17 percent had been born in the country of asylum. Of those born in the country of origin, 80 percent had been in the country of asylum for more than 20 years, and 17 percent had been born in the country; only four individuals had been in the country of asylum less than 10 years. The vast majority of refugees interviewed had a single “country of origin”: 88 percent reported that both parents and all four grand parents had been born in the same country. To aggregate quantitative data on the representative sample, the research team used an anonymised standard questionnaire that was made available through the Kobo Toolbox. The sampling frame was established from the registered refugees in the ProGres databases managed by UNHCR and the country of asylum. The sample sizes were arrived at with a confidence level of 95% and a margin of error 5%. Focus groups: UNHCR worked with national consultants or national NGOs to conduct a series of focus group discussions with refugees in all three countries, based on a shared discussion template. Five focus groups were conducted in the DRC; 9 in Rwanda; and 32 in Uganda. Focus group discussions were also held with host communities close to refugee settlements in Uganda. The researchers followed ethical guidance in line with national laws and international best practice. The researchers made every effort to explain the purposes for which the information was being gathered, obtained the consent of the data subjects before collection, and anonymised all the data collected in the field surveys to guarantee that there would be no opportunity for finding any personally identifying information linking the long-term refugee to the data gathered and vice-versa. Key informant interviews were also requested with government officials, civil society, and others. The research tools and data are available on request. Refugee populations considered in the study Rwandan refugees in the Democratic Republic of Congo As of June 2021, DRC hosted more than half a million registered refugees, of whom 40 percent originated from Rwanda.90 The Rwandan refugees fleeing the genocide of 1994 and subsequent conflict had first 90 République démocratique du Congo : Réfugiés et demandeurs d'asile en RDC (Statistiques au 31 mai 2021), UNHCR, 28 Jun 2021 https://reliefweb.int/map/democratic-republic-congo/r-publique-d-mocratique-du-congo-r fugi-s-et-demandeurs-dasile-en-16 . 38