Introduction and definitions country’, i.e., the country with which they have significant and long-term ties. For these individuals, statelessness is often the result of problems in the framing and implementation of nationality laws. Jus sanguinis: This legal notion refers to the principle that citizenship is determined or acquired by the nationality of one or both parents, irrespective of the child’s place of birth. Jus soli: This legal notion, also commonly known as birthright citizenship, refers to the principle that any person born on the territory of a State acquires the nationality or citizenship of that State. Migrant: There is no universally accepted definition of the term migrant, and the term is not defined by international law. Traditionally, the word ‘migrant’ has been used to designate people who move by choice rather than to escape conflict or persecution, usually across an international border (‘international migrants’), for instance to join family members already abroad, to search for a livelihood or for a range of other purposes. The term is increasingly used as an umbrella term to refer to any person who moves away from their usual place of residence, whether internally or across a border and regardless of whether the movement is ‘forced’ or voluntary.9 Nationality/citizenship [national/citizen]: In this guide, ‘nationality’ and ‘citizenship’ are used to mean the same thing (unless otherwise specified): the legal bond between a person and a State, which entitles the individual to the State’s protection as its national and entails legal rights and responsibilities. Nationality can be established at birth by a person’s place of birth (jus soli) and/or bloodline (jus sanguinis) or can be acquired through naturalization. Naturalization: The legal act or process whereby a non-national may acquire citizenship or nationality of a country, usually subject to satisfying a number of legal and procedural requirements. Refugee: Any person who meets the eligibility criteria under an applicable refugee definition, as provided for in international or regional refugee instruments, under 9 6 Migrant definition, in UNHCR Emergency Handbook, (no date).