TERRORISM DILEMMAS AND DEMOCRACY
act as an impediment to Bangladeshi prosperity, but it is implicit in presenting
the Rohingya as undeserving of any potential bounty. Within the context of
Entman’s view of frames offering moral justification, this alienation is justified
though another complementary frame that views them as economic migrants.
Rohingya as economic migrants: ‘The Rakhine state of Myanmar, which
borders Cox’s Bazar, is a poverty-prone area of Myanmar. This fact forces the
Rohingyas to migrate to Bangladesh for economic reasons. This continuous
intrusion of Rohingyas has an alarming impact on socio-economic equilibrium
of Cox’s Bazar, but this fact is overlooked due to the longstanding issue of oppression on Rohingyas,’ The Daily Star reported, paradoxically arguing that the
Rohingya are both ‘genuine’ refugees and not (August 9, 2012).
The framing of the Rohingya as economic migrants draws from a higher
order meta-frame that views ‘economic migration’ though a pejorative framework
that pits them against more ‘deserving refugees’ (Samers & Collyer, 2017, p.
13). Such narratives ignore a growing body of literature that presents a cogent
argument that views migration beyond a simple dichotomy of genuine refugees
and economic migrants (Barcus & Halfacree, 2018). Newspaper frames in this
regard tend to conceive economic prosperity though state demarcations and
geographic confines. Such readings of the complex nature of migration suggests
forced economic migration due to long term poverty, especially when viewed
though political and economic marginalisation and persecution, are a valid form
of refuge. However, the bifurcation between refugees and economic migrants,
and the subsequent delineation of the two as legitimate and illegitimate, attaches
a pejorative connotation to the ‘economic migrant’ label, which is then used to
morally justify their mistreatment.
Charity as limited by availability of economic surplus: Framing humanitarian assistance through an economic narrative enables economic rationalisation
of neglect and even persecution of refugees. It suggests refugees are entitled to
basic needs only once the economic needs of the state and its citizens are fulfilled,
thus positioning refugee needs not as a humanitarian need, but as an economic
prerogative at the discretion of the state.
‘Rohingyas settled in Teknaf and Ukhia upazilas (administrative regions),
who now number over 600,000, are costing us more than US$4 million daily
to feed and shelter, not counting the other half a million who came earlier,’ the
newspaper wrote on 30 October 2017. The cost is not sourced and would suggest US$2,433 per annum, in country with an annual per person GDP of $1,538.
The unsubstantiated figures notwithstanding, such an argument seems justifiable given the reality of Bangladesh’s own poverty. Entman asserts one of the
functions of frames is to define problems (Entman, 1993, p. 52), and this frame,
at least on the face of it does exactly that. However, the inherent problem with
such thinking is obvious when refugees are viewed as outsiders undeserving of
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