3. Determination of statelessness and rights attached to the status....................................... 28
3.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................... 28
3.2 National legal framework.............................................................................................................................. 29
3.3 Statelessness determination procedure or other procedures
in which statelessness status is determined.................................................................................................... 30
3.3.1 Competent authority.............................................................................................................................................................30
3.3.2 Procedural aspects................................................................................................................................................................... 31
3.3.2.1 Initiating the procedure and the course of the procedure........................................................................ 31
3.3.2.2 Questions of proof.......................................................................................................................................................32
3.3.2.3 Access to courts.............................................................................................................................................................32
3.4 Rights of applicants and recognized stateless persons........................................................................... 33
3.4.1 Rights of applicants during the statelessness determination procedure......................................................33
3.4.1.1 Detention.............................................................................................................................................................................33
3.4.1.2 Expulsion............................................................................................................................................................................ 34
3.4.1.3 Public relief....................................................................................................................................................................... 34
3.4.2 Rights of persons recognized as stateless....................................................................................................................35
3.4.2.1 The right of residence..................................................................................................................................................35
3.4.2.2 The right to work.......................................................................................................................................................... 36
3.4.2.3 The right to public relief........................................................................................................................................... 36
3.4.2.4 Identification and travel documents....................................................................................................................37
3.4.2.5 Other rights guaranteed............................................................................................................................................ 38
3.4.2.5 Conclusions..................................................................................................................................................................... 39
3.5 Conclusions and recommendations............................................................................................................. 40
4. Reduction and prevention of statelessness....................................................................................... 41
4.1 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.2 National legal framework.............................................................................................................................. 42
4.3 Acquisition and loss of nationality under the national framework
and the compatibility with international standards...................................................................................... 44
4.3.1 Avoidance of statelessness at birth................................................................................................................................44
4.3.1.1 Birth on the state’s territory......................................................................................................................................44
4.3.1.2 Birth outside the state’s territory........................................................................................................................... 45
4.3.1.3 Foundlings.........................................................................................................................................................................46
4.3.1.4 Birth on a ship or aircraft............................................................................................................................................47
4.3.2 Avoidance of statelessness upon change in civil status........................................................................................47
4.3.3 Avoidance of statelessness in the context of renunciation, loss or deprivation of nationality........47
4.3.4 Reduction of statelessness.................................................................................................................................................48
4.3.4.1 Naturalization..................................................................................................................................................................48
4.3.4.2 Other modes.................................................................................................................................................................. 52
4.4 Conclusions and recommendations............................................................................................................ 53
6
MAPPING STATELESSNESS IN ICEL AND