A Guide to Litigating Identity Systems ABOUT PRIVACY INTERNATIONAL Governments and corporations are using technology to exploit us. Their abuses of power threaten our freedoms and the very things that make us human. That’s why Privacy International campaigns for the progress we all deserve. We’re here to protect democracy, defend people’s dignity, and demand accountability from the powerful institutions who breach public trust. After all, privacy is precious to every one of us, whether you’re seeking asylum, fighting corruption, or searching for health advice. So, join our global movement today and fight for what really matters: our freedom to be human. Privacy International would like to thank Anna Crowe and the International Human Rights Clinic at Harvard Law School for their support in the research, preparation, and drafting of this guide. We are particularly thankful to Clinic students Maithili Pai and Spencer Bateman. Open access. Some rights reserved. Privacy International wants to encourage the circulation of its work as widely as possible while retaining the copyright. Privacy International has an open access policy which enables anyone to access its content online without charge. Anyone can download, save, perform or distribute this work in any format, including translation, without written permission. This is subject to the terms of the Creative Commons Licence Deed: Attribution-NonCommercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 UK: England & Wales. Its main conditions are: • You are free to copy, distribute, display and perform the work; • You must give the original author (‘Privacy International’) credit; • You may not use this work for commercial purposes; You are welcome to ask Privacy International for permission to use this work for purposes other than those covered by the licence. Privacy International is grateful to Creative Commons for its work and its approach to copyright. For more information please go to www.creativecommons.org. Privacy International 62 Britton Street, London EC1M 5UY, United Kingdom Phone +44 (0)20 3422 4321 privacyinternational.org Privacy International is a registered charity (1147471), and a company limited by guarantee registered in England and Wales (04354366). Cover image: Tingey Injury Law Firm