as in UNHCR’s IBelong campaign publications and ENS’s own Still Stateless, Still Suffering report. The 2011 UNHCR and Asylum Aid study, Mapping Statelessness in the UK, has more input from stateless people than many, and a real effort was made to gather information from stateless people as part of the research. But while they were asked how statelessness affected them, their views on potential solutions and the wider questions of addressing statelessness were not explored, the questions being of the ‘story’ variety: What is your biggest worry? Please complete the following sentence about yourself: “I see myself as...” How does statelessness affect the way you see yourself? Do you consider yourself to have special needs that other people do not have? Please explain. Do you know other stateless persons who are in a similar position to you? How do you view the future? What do you think will be the outcome of your current situation? They are described in the study as participants, but the extent to which they can really said to have ‘participated’ in the work is open to question. ENS is trying to address this with its ‘Hear it from us’ work. Khadija Badri records in her October 2019 blog for ENS: […] many problems facing communities were similar in all three countries [Netherlands, Spain, and UK]. Participants told us that stateless people face barriers accessing basic rights (such as education, […] and healthcare), as well as certain legal procedures and routes to obtaining citizenship through naturalisation. Alongside a perceived lack of understanding and awareness from authorities about statelessness, community representatives also highlighted the absence of information and advice on statelessness […] Participants expressed fears and worries about statelessness being passed on to their children and how it intersects with other problems such as racism and sexism which can lead to further marginalisation. Similarly, the University of Liverpool, the Institute of Statelessness and Inclusion, and Tilburg University with legal anthropologist Judith Beyer, propose a more participatory approach in their work, with the views of parents of stateless children solicited on systemic issues. There are models on which to build. The OSCE, including in partnership with UNHCR, used participatory research when working to address the statelessness of Roma in Europe. Here there was a more easily identifiable population. Some stateless populations have long experience of negotiating statelessness and confronting it on a national and international level, for example Kuwaiti Bidoon, Palestinians, and Rohingya. Families may have valuable comparative perspectives from relatives, or their own stays, in different countries. Language is key to unlocking this information. Many Rohingya, Kuwaiti Bidoon, and Palestinians are active on Facebook, Twitter, and write and speak out, but rarely are funds made available to translate this rich material and it does not find its way into the literature. Their voices appear mostly mediated through workshop notes taken by observers. It would be in line with ENS’s community engagement work that this project sought to change that. That will require investment in translation and interpretation, both to record what refugees 4