UNHCR, Background Note on Discrimination in Nationality Laws and Statelessness (2021); UN Human Rights Council,
The right to a nationality: equality in nationality rights in law and in practice, Resolution A/HRC/RES/53/16 (2023); UN
General Assembly, Report of the UN Special Rapporteur on Violence against women and girls, nationality laws and
statelessness, A/78/256 (2023).
60
Court of Justice of the European Union, JY, case C-118/20, 18 January 2022.
61
The Index countries without a dedicated statelessness status are: Austria, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia,
Cyprus, Czechia, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Malta, Montenegro, The Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia and Sweden.
62
Only Poland and Cyprus have not acceded to the 1954 Convention.
63
See
UNHCR,
Global
Compact
on
Refugees
Digital
Platform,
Pledges
&
Contributions:
https://globalcompactrefugees.org/channel/pledges-contributions.
64
Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Côte d’Ivoire, Ecuador, Kazakhstan, Mexico, Panama, Paraguay,
Philippines, Senegal, Turmenistan, and Uruguay.
65
See Ana Raquel Menezes, ‘Breaking the Mold: Brazil's Progressive Approach to Granting Nationality and Reducing
Statelessness’ (29 June 2023); UNHCR, Submission by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees For the Office
of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ Compilation Report Universal Periodic Review: 4th Cycle, 41st Session,
Brazil (2022); UNHCR, ‘Good Practices Papers – Action 6’; Government of Brazil, ‘Obtain recognition of statelessness
status’ (SisApatridia); Hungarian Helsinki Committee, Estudio estatutos de protección internacional en América Latina
(Study of international protection statutes in Latin America) (2022).
66
Maria Julia Cerdas, ‘Born at the age of 70’ (5 March 2020); UNHCR, ‘Good Practices Papers – Action 6’; Government of
Brazil, ‘Obtain recognition of statelessness status’ (SisApatridia); Hungarian Helsinki Committee, ‘Estudio estatutos de
protección internacional en América Latina’; Supreme Electoral Tribunal, Naturalización para personas declaradas en
condición de apátrida o refugiado apátrida (Naturalisation for persons declared stateless or stateless refugee).
67
UN ‘Global Compact on Refugees’(2018), p 32.
68
For more information on statelessness and the refugee context in Europe, see: www.statelessjourneys.org.
69
ENS and Institute on Statelessness & Inclusion, Addressing statelessness in Europe’s refugee response: gaps and
opportunities (2019).
70
ENS, Implementing the statelessness provisions on the EU Pact on Migration and Asylum (2024).
71
UNHCR, ‘Handbook’.
72
ENS, Protecting Stateless Persons from Arbitrary Detention: An Agenda for Change (2017).
73
1961 Convention; European Convention on Nationality, Articles 4 & 6; Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 7.
74
1954 Convention, Article 32; UNHCR, ‘Good Practices Papers – Action 6’; Council of Europe Committee of Ministers,
Recommendation No. R (99) 18 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the avoidance and reduction of
statelessness (1999).
75
UNHCR, ‘Handbook’.
76
UNHCR, ‘Handbook’, paras. 79-80.
77
UNHCR, ‘Good Practices Papers – Action 6’.
78
UNHCR Executive Committee, Conclusion on Identification, Prevention and Reduction of Statelessness and Protection
of Stateless Persons No. 106 (LVII) (2006).
79
UNHCR, ‘Good Practices Papers – Action 6’, p. 9.
80
UNHCR, ‘Handbook’, para. 165.
81
UNHCR, Good Practice Papers - Action 1: Resolving Existing Major Situations of Statelessness (2015).
59