2. The Sustainable Development Goals and solutions to statelessness A number of commentators have pointed to the fact that neither Target 16.9 nor Global Indicator 16.9.1 encourage the reform of discriminatory laws and practices which may lie at the root of statelessness and lack of legal identity.78 For this reason, it is critical that Target 16.9 is applied in concert with Targets 10.3 and 16.b (and appropriately framed Global Indicators – see discussion above), to ensure equality of access to nationally relevant forms of legal identity. 5. Conclusion The adoption of the 2030 Agenda and the SDGs creates new opportunities for tackling the issue of statelessness through a development approach. SDGs 5, 10 and 16 and associated Targets 5.1, 10.3, 16.9 and 16.b are the most relevant to preventing and resolving statelessness and correlate with specific Actions of the GAP under the #IBelong Campaign. The effectiveness of these SDGs as a vehicle for solving statelessness will depend on whether they are deployed by countries in a manner that will contribute to: • nationality laws which treat women and men equally with regard to conferral of nationality on their children and with regard to the acquisition, change and retention of nationality (SDG 5, Target 5.1, SDG 10, Target 10.c and SDG 16, Target 16.b); • laws, policies and practices that avoid loss, denial or deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds and that provide for restoration of nationality to those arbitrarily deprived of it (SDG 10, Target 10.3 and SDG 16, Target 16.b); and • birth registration to prevent statelessness and the provision of nationality documentation to all those who have an entitlement to it (SDG 10, Target 10.c and SDG 16, Targets 16.9 and 16.b). To maximise the effectiveness of the SDGs and Targets in achieving these statelessness-related results, modifications to the existing Global Indicators associated with the relevant SDGs and Targets are likely to 78 See, for example, B. Manby and E.A. Whitely, Questions of legal identity in the post-2015 development agenda, London School of Economics Human Rights Blog, 28 May 2015, http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/humanrights/2015/05/28/ questions-of-legal-identity-in-the-post-2015-development-agenda; L. van Waas, The right to a legal identity or the right to a legal ID?, European Network on Statelessness Blog, 1 May 2008, http://www.statelessness.eu/blog/rightlegal-identity-or-right-legal-id; and Brewer et al., supra n49. 68