the coup have impacted household finances. Most Rohingya and Muslim families in Rakhine State rely on remittances from family members abroad. The banking sector has been interrupted by post-coup situation in Myanmar as well as COVID-19 related lockdowns. This has made receiving remittances more difficult. As one interviewee explained: Most families in Rakhine rely on remittances. But now banking restrictions and barriers to service access make life more difficult. More poor families, including women, are resorting to risky work in the black market because of the increasing livelihood challenges. Another interviewee explained, In urban areas we can see many Rohingya women are begging, and the rate of those women is increasing as they do not have food and cannot find a job due to the current situation. Other interviewees from Sittwe and Buthidaung townships, also noted the increase in Rohingya ‘street children’ and women begging on the streets due to household poverty. According to interviewees, these women and ‘street children’ are understood to be vulnerable to exploitation and are sometimes targeted by criminal gangs controlling drug and sex work industries. The kinds of work available close to home for women struggling with financial pressures and food security, are often unfree or exploitative forms of work, sometimes in the criminalised economy where they are also at risk of arrest. 3.1.2. Restrictions on Humanitarian Support “ The Rohingya community is facing extreme challenges because of the delay and insufficient humanitarian support in Rakhine. Many Rohingya rely on humanitarian aid and now many people are facing challenges to access food. Even in urban areas in Buthidaung, many homeless and poor families do not get any assistance. ” ROHINGYA WOMAN FROM BUTHIDAUNG An estimated 600,000 Rohingya remain in Rakhine State. Of these, 126,000 are effectively confined to camps or camp-like settings that were established in 2012.41 Without freedom of movement to access decent work and livelihoods, camp residents are dependent on food rations and services provided by aid agencies. Further, with limited access to livelihoods and services, many Rohingyas in towns and villages throughout Rakhine are also dependent on humanitarian aid. 10 In June 2021, the Rakhine State division of SAC stated that due to a third wave of COVID-19, humanitarian agencies were restricted to engaging in four types of operations: health care, food assistance, supplying COVID equipment and water and sanitation services.42 According to Human Rights Watch, aid agencies have been facing additional bureaucratic restrictions and access limitations in Rakhine state, which have negatively impacted the delivery of services.43 Agencies must apply for access permission, and individual staff members must apply for travel authorisation.44 The lack of aid has been compounded by rapid inflation due to the conflict situation. Humanitarian agencies in Rakhine State provide IDPs with very limited cash assistance, 15,000 Myanmar Kyat (around 8.45 US dollars) per person per month. It is not sufficient for households to buy nutritious foods. According to a Rohingya IDP from Thet Kae Pyin IDP camp, Sittwe Township, in 2022, this increased to 16,000 Myanmar Kyat (around 8.97 US dollars). However, it still does not cover the increasing commodity prices. These factors increase food insecurity among Rohingya IDPs, especially impacting women and girls and contributing to compelling reasons to migrate. 3.2. Barriers to Education and Work Rohingya girls have very limited access to schooling and women have low levels of literacy and Burmese language skills.45 There are a range of reasons for this. Schools and other educational establishments have been open and shut intermittently since the violence of 2012, affecting both boys’ and girls’ access to education. Rohingyas and those without citizenship documents are no longer recruited into paid teaching roles. Rohingya and Muslim girls are more likely to either drop out of school early or never be enrolled in school due to the insecurities associated with discrimination in the classrooms, safety concerns for girls getting to and from school, the costs associated with transport and schooling, and cultural norms which often prevent adolescent girls from accessing school. Further, a lack of access to the job market for women disincentivises education for girls. A lack of education hinders the ability of women and girls’ to access decent work outside the household. Without Burmese or Rakhine language skills or literacy, there are key challenges in accessing healthcare. In government hospitals and private clinics women need translators to communicate with doctors or nurses. Women report that translators often mistranslate terms relating to health and domestic violence and GBV. It also creates barriers to accessing civil registration