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Groups at risk of statelessness .................................................................. 50
4.1
Risks of statelessness in Angola ......................................................................... 50
4.1.1 For persons of Angolan origin ................................................................................... 50
4.1.1.1
Angolan returnees – the example of Uíge province ........................................................ 50
4.1.1.2
Disputed returnees in Malanje: the Pende ...................................................................... 54
4.1.1.3
Abandoned children, street children ............................................................................... 55
4.1.1.4
Nomadic pastoralist of southern Angola ......................................................................... 57
4.1.1.5
Populations living in disputed border regions ................................................................. 59
4.1.1.6
Human trafficking............................................................................................................. 60
4.1.2 Irregular foreign migrants and long-term refugees .................................................... 63
4.1.2.1
Mass repatriations can cause statelessness..................................................................... 67
4.1.2.2
Refugees in Angola ........................................................................................................... 68
4.1.2.2.1 Recent refugees ............................................................................................................... 69
4.1.2.2.2 Refugees affected by the cessation clause ...................................................................... 70
4.1.2.2.3 Long-term refugees .......................................................................................................... 72
4.1.3 Persons of Cape Verdean and Santomean origin ....................................................... 72
4.1.4 Cuban emigrants ...................................................................................................... 74
4.2
Angolan migrants and refugees abroad .............................................................. 75
4.2.1 Zambia .................................................................................................................... 77
4.2.2 Democratic Republic of the Congo ............................................................................ 79
4.2.3 Namibia ................................................................................................................... 81
4.2.4 South Africa ............................................................................................................. 81
4.2.5 Botswana................................................................................................................. 83
4.2.6 Republic of Congo .................................................................................................... 85
4.2.7 Portugal ................................................................................................................... 86
Recommendations ................................................................................................ 88
4.3
To the Government of Angola ............................................................................ 88
4.4
To SADC and ICGLR ............................................................................................ 94
4.5
To UNHCR .......................................................................................................... 95
Annex A – Brazzaville Declaration............................................................. 96
Annex B – Angolan laws ........................................................................... 98
Annex C – Selected bibliography..............................................................102
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