CONTENTS BACKGROUND AND SCOPE 3 DIVERSE FORMS OF DISPLACEMENT 3 COVID-19 IN DISPLACEMENT SETTINGS 5 VULNERABILITY TO COVID-19 IN DISPLACEMENT 6 Threats from COVID-19 transmission 6 Threats from COVID-19 medical complications and disruptions to health services 7 Indirect health effects of COVID-19 lockdowns 8 Threats to security and humanitarian access 9 Stigmatisation of outsiders and the increased marginalisation of vulnerable groups 9 Livelihoods and access to aid under lockdown 10 Surveillance and threats to mobility and safe places 12 Risks of inducing further involuntary displacements 14 OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES IN THE LOCALISATION OF COVID-19 RESPONSES 14 Structural challenges to localising humanitarian assistance 17 HOW TO ADDRESS VULNERABILITIES OF DISPLACED POPULATIONS THROUGH LOCALISED COVID-19 RESPONSES 18 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 21 REFERENCES 22 CONTACT 27 KEY CONSIDERATIONS: COVID-19 AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND EAST AFRICA Contact: a.wilkinson@ids.ac.uk 2