Remittances and neighbourhood savings: Loss of remittances from relatives abroad, also unable to work, is expected to further exacerbate vulnerabilities in forcibly displaced populations. 58 Some local communal financing mechanisms have become dormant.59 Enrichment of police and security forces: Lockdown measures are not only harming displaced peoples’ ability to earn incomes by restricting markets and movements. In some areas, security and police forces are using COVID-19 public health measures as an opportunity to profit from rule-breakers. These activities are exposing poor people to violence. In Rumbek, South Sudan, the military have fined and beaten people for violating travel restrictions as well as business people which do not have wash basins outside their stalls.b In Kenya around Dadaab refugee camp, police have been arresting people who don’t have the ‘right’ facemasks for travel, and refugees in Nairobi have been caught up in police harassment, extortion and violence associated with enforcing curfews.60 SURVEILLANCE AND THREATS TO MOBILITY AND SAFE PLACES Displaced peoples' relative lack of long-distance mobility has been highlighted as a protective factor against COVID-19 transmission in low-income settings.61 Movements are nevertheless dynamic within settlements, across borders and between border entry points, camps or settlements and towns. Given the ways families decide to settle and move to deal with crisis, mobility itself can be seen as a coping measure threatened by COVID-19 lockdowns and surveillance measures. Moreover, as highly visible sites inhabited by displaced people, camps and borders typically attract political attention which is adding to the complexity of understanding COVID-19-related protection needs, exacerbating racism and xenophobia,62 and contributing to unequal imposition of lockdown measures. Surveillance effects in camps: Camps have been described as a “privileged space for feeding, protecting, and controlling”63 refugees and IDPs because of a combination of state poverty and security concerns, underpinned by foreign aid opportunities. These qualities make surveillance of camp residents for a range of purposes easier, which can generate new vulnerabilities.64 South Sudanese people outside of UN PoCs have noted with dismay that COVID-19 tests are absent from the usual places they would seek healthcare. Tests have been largely only available to Juba-based government epidemic response teams.65 Humanitarian actors were, however, able to organise testing for a suspected cluster of cases that emerged in a UN POC in May. Greater ability to test encamped people meant cases became visible here more quickly than in neighbouring communities, though community transmission was suspected. This bolstered an earlier decision by national security forces to close the gates to prevent transmission from the POCs to the wider population. Closure of b Interviews KEY CONSIDERATIONS: COVID-19 AND FORCED DISPLACEMENT IN THE MIDDLE EAST AND EAST AFRICA Contact: a.wilkinson@ids.ac.uk 12