Glossary TERM Alternative Learning Centres (ALC) Asylum seeker 1 2 3 4 5 DEFINITION Alternative Learning Centres means schools/centres for children, without disabilities or special needs, who are not enrolled in the regular schools. A general term for any person who is seeking international protection. In some countries, it is a legal term referring to a person who has applied for refugee status or a complementary international protection status and has not yet received a final decision on their claim. It can also refer to a person who has not yet submitted an application but may intend to do so, or may need international protection. Not every asylum-seeker will ultimately be recognized as a refugee, but every refugee is initially an asylum seeker. However, an asylum-seeker may not be sent back to their country of origin until their asylum claim has been examined in a fair procedure, and is entitled to certain minimum standards of treatment pending determination of their status. Community Learning Centre (CLC): Community Learning Centre (CLC) is an integrated approach. It is a local place of learning outside the formal education system. In the context of this policy brief, the centre caters to Indonesian migrant documented and undocumented workers in the plantation sector in the state of Sabah, Malaysia. Child Act 20011 An Act to consolidate and amend the laws relating to the care, protection and rehabilitation of children and to provide for matters connected therewith and incidental thereto. Comprehensive Plan of Action (CPA) for Indochinese Refugees The CPA was drafted in Kuala Lumpur in 1989 and adopted at an international conference in Geneva in June of that same year. The CPA was conceptualised in response to the influx of refugees into Malaysia (and the region more broadly) from Cambodia and Vietnam in the 1970s and 1980s. Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC)2 (Adopted 1989; entered into force 1990): Convention setting forth a full spectrum of civil, cultural, economic, social and political rights for children. Since its adoption, it has been ratified more quickly and by more governments than any other human rights instrument. The Convention is also the only international human rights treaty that expressly gives non-governmental organisations (NGOs) a role in monitoring its implementation (under Article 45a). Double-shift schooling "Double-shift schooling" refers to an educational practice in which a school operates in two separate shifts during the same day to accommodate a larger number of students. This approach is often adopted in regions or countries where there is a significant demand for education but limited resources, such as classroom space, teachers, and facilities. Education Act 19963 The Education Act 1996 [Act 550] is a law in Malaysia that governs the provision of education in the country. It provides the legal framework for the establishment, administration, and management of educational institutions, as well as the regulation of education policies and practices. Federal Constitution4 The Federal Constitution of Malaysia (Malay: Perlembagaan Persekutuan Malaysia), which came into force in 1957 as the Constitution of the Federation of Malaya and was amended in 1963 to form the Constitution of Malaysia, is the supreme law of Malaysia and contains a total of 183 articles. Formal education Formal education can be defined as a structured and organised system of learning that takes place within established institutions, such as schools, colleges, and universities. It follows a predetermined curriculum, employs trained educators, and often leads to the awarding of recognised qualifications or credentials upon successful completion. Government to Government (G2G) Agreement Government-to-government agreements are formal agreements made between two or more sovereign states or governments. Human Rights The basic rights and freedoms that every person has, no matter who they are, what they believe, or how they live. Human rights are built on underlying principles of universality, equality and nondiscrimination, and are enshrined in international human rights law, rules of customary international law, national laws and other standards that define them and help to guarantee their full enjoyment. Immigration Act 1959/635 The Immigration Act 1959/1963 governs the admission into and departure from Malaysia, entry permits, procedures on arrival in Malaysia, removal from Malaysia, offences and special provisions for Sabah and Sarawak. https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/65516/117928/F-1090734281/MYS65516.pdf https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-rights-child https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/95631/112655/F-541090934/MYS95631%202016.pdf https://www.jac.gov.my/spk/images/stories/10_akta/perlembagaan_persekutuan/federal_constitution.pdf https://www.imi.gov.my/index.php/pekeliling/immigration-act-1959-63-act-155/ 3