CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS As most camp residents enter their fourth year of displacement, a durable solution to the present crisis remains elusive. While study respondents continue to voice a desire to return home to Rakhine State, they also express fear and unwillingness to repatriate until the questions of their rights and citizenship are resolved. The Bangladesh government and the international community have responded to the humanitarian crisis by addressing the refugees’ most pressing needs for food, shelter, and basic healthcare, and this has undoubtedly saved countless lives, but it is insufficient to maintain camp residents through the hardships and challenges of prolonged displacement. they need phone and internet access to stay in touch in the meantime. Camp residents typically rely on chat applications such as WhatsApp, Messenger, and IMO. This requires access to a cellular data network and possession of a domestic SIM card, which currently cannot be registered under the name of a displaced person. Nearly all camp residents have been issued a biometric “smartcard” by the UNHCR and the government of Bangladesh. Allowing refugees to use these cards as identification for purchasing and registering SIM cards could ameliorate safety and security concerns resulting from irregular procurement. Communication stations managed by humanitarian agencies could improve internet access in the camps and adjacent host communities, which was unreliable even before the current internet blackout. The network should also be reopened in Rakhine State to ensure that families living on both sides of the border can stay in touch. This study brings to light the deep fracturing of Rohingya families and the increasing fragility of their ties to Myanmar. Camp residents are now more likely to have family members living in a third country than in Myanmar, and more than four out of five households are not sure that they still have assets and properties to return to in their home country. These are important barriers to repatriation that will only increase over time. The camps are already giving birth to a new generation of Rohingya who do not speak the Myanmar language and have never been to Myanmar. Support the documentation of Rohingya-owned assets left in Myanmar. Less than one family in five still has assets that a relative is looking after. Most are uncertain about the status of their possessions, and very few families are confident that they could reclaim their land or house upon return. Systematically documenting the assets of displaced families and verifying their current condition and ownership status would help safeguard them for eventual reclamation, and it would also identify households that may need housing or other assistance in the event of repatriation. The study also shows how a lack of broad-based livelihood solutions is condemning refugee households to extreme poverty, aid dependency, and debt. Confronted with an environment where only the most basic needs are covered by aid but opportunities to work and generate income remain severely limited, camp residents have little choice but to go into debt. Some also engage in illicit activities, or attempt the perilous journey by boat to a third country. Most importantly, as Rohingya families struggle to make ends meet, they are unable to plan for long-term needs such as educating their children or saving for family emergencies. Improve transparent access to data relevant to the repatriation process. Since 2017, Bangladesh has submitted lists of families for repatriation to Myanmar, some of which have been accepted and others rejected for unknown reasons. Family lists and other forms of archival documentation have been kept in Myanmar since independence. These data should be shared in the interest of transparency. They can be used to determine the original residency of displaced and separated families. Similarly, camp births should be carefully documented, and protocols established to avoid future complications for families with young children born outside of Myanmar. The refugee households consulted during this study have explained the hardships they face and the limited options that are available to them. Their insights highlight the urgent need for medium-term policies and interventions to mitigate these hardships and help families preserve social capital and become more self-reliant. This paper proposes the following recommendations to improve pathways for family reunification and increase the well-being and economic resilience of camp households. Explore bilateral approaches to the reunification of families. This study establishes that roughly 7 percent of camp households have immediate family members living in countries with active refugee resettlement programs.35 Though this represents a small percentage of the overall camp population, it is still 13,000 households. The recent spike in boat trafficking incidents underscores the need for other nations to help Bangladesh with the burden of hosting refugees, as stressed by Bangladesh’s foreign minister, Dr. AK Abdul Momen, in April 2020.36 Bilateral cooperation is one way to pursue family reunification, at least on a case-by-case basis. The most vulnerable refugees, such as those without relatives in the camps, should be prioritized. International resettlement programs could also provide commensurate opportunities for Bangladeshi host communities, for example through migrant work programs. SUPPORTING SEPARATED FAMILIES Facilitate communication across borders by restoring and improving internet access in the camps, and allow camp residents to use biometric smartcards as identification to purchase and register SIM cards. Refugees with intact family networks in Myanmar may find it easier to repatriate in the future, and those with relatives in third countries may gain access to much-needed remittances. Though family reunification is a distant goal for splintered families, 41