ENDNOTES 1. “Immediate family members” here refers to a spouse, parent, grandparent, child, or sibling. Data was also collected regarding respondents’ cousins, aunts, uncles, and other non-immediate relatives, but is not reflected in these findings. 2. These figures include families that have multiple family members abroad, including both in Myanmar or a third country. 3. Except where otherwise noted, the exchange rate used throughout the report is 85 Bangladeshi taka to 1 United States dollar. 4. Refugee Response in Bangladesh (2020), “Operation Portal: Refugee Situations, United Nations High Commissioner on Refugees,” May 31, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/myanmar_refugees; Vivian Tan (2017), “Over 168,000 Rohingya likely fled Myanmar since 2016 – UNHCR report,” UNHCR website, May 3, https://www.unhcr.org/en-us/news/ latest/2017/5/590990ff4/168000-rohingya-likely-fled-myanmar-since-2012-unhcr-report.html. 5. UNHCR (2016), Mixed Movements in South-East Asia, https://unhcr.atavist.com/mm2016. 6. United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Michele Bachelet (2020), Final Remarks to the 44th Regular Session of the United Nations Human Rights Council, June 30, http://webtv.un.org/search/id-hc-on-rohingya-contd-2ndmeeting-44th-regular-session-human-rights-council/6168471002001/#t=56m30s. 7. UNDP Cox’s Bazar Analysis and Research Unit (2020), Context Analysis: Cox’s Bazar in Perspective, May. 8. For examples and figures, see: Rafiqul Islam (2020), “Dying for a Better Life: How Rohingya Refugees Risk Their Lives to Cross into Malaysia,” Inter Press Service News Agency, April 21, http://www.ipsnews.net/2020/04/dying-better-life-rohingyarefugees-risk-lives-cross-malaysia/. 9. UNFPA (2014), “Making Sense of Myanmar’s Census,” UNFPA website, March 31, https://www.unfpa.org/news/makingsense-myanmars-census. 10. Additional camps situated in Teknaf Upazila, further south, were not surveyed due to security and logistical constraints during enumeration; registered refugees comprise 4 percent of the total camp population. 11. At the time of sampling, the population of the 25 makeshift camps was 740,814 (170,310 households) and the population of Kutupalong refugee camp was 16,708 (3,347 households). See United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (2020), “Refugee Response in Bangladesh,” UNHCR operational portal, June 30, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/myanmar_ refugees. 12. Block- and camp-level population data was sourced from the International Organization on Migration, Needs, and Population Monitoring (NPM) Round 15 Assessment, June 24, 2019, https://data.humdata.org/dataset/iom-bangladeshneeds-and-population-monitoring-npm-round-15-site-assessment. 13. According to official figures provided by the UNHCR, the overall camp population is 66 percent from Maungdaw Township, 24 percent from Buthitaung Township, 5 percent from Rathedaung Township, and 5 percent from other townships. See UNHCR (2020), “Joint Government of Bangladesh – UNHCR Population Factsheet,” UNHCR website, June 30, https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/77627. 14. Figures are self-reported; the study did not distinguish whether a household member’s language competency included spoken or written comprehension or reading skills. 15. A number of those who were working as NGO volunteers and in Cash for Work programs lost their jobs during the Covid-19 lockdown, which began after the survey was completed. 16. Household income is strongly and robustly associated with highest level of education achieved by any member of the household (r=.257, p<.0001). Income is also higher when women contribute to household income (r=.154, p<.0001), and when the household receives remittances (r=.122, p<.0001). 17. After 2012, Rohingya were no longer permitted to study in Sittwe University, and many students were unable to begin tertiary studies despite qualifying for admission. 18. Population figures are disputed; these estimates are from records kept by Myanmar’s General Administration Department. See Moe Myint (2018), “Ninety percent of Rohingya population ejected from Rakhine,” The Irrawaddy, February 23, https://www.irrawaddy.com/specials/ninety-percent-rohingya-population-ejected-rakhine.html. 19. Ibid. 20. Population figures are again disputed. A 2015 UNDP report estimated the total Rathedaung population to be 162,918. See United Nations Development Programme (2015), The State of Local Governance: Trends in Rakhine, UNDP Myanmar, https://www.mm.undp.org/content/myanmar/en/home/library/poverty/TheStateofLocalGovernanceChin/The_state_of_ local_governance_trends_in_Rakhine.html. The 2014 census enumerated a total population of 112,000, but this did not include Rohingya, who presumably comprise most of the 50,000-person gap in comparison to the UNDP findings. 21. “Immediate family member” refers to the parent, grandparent, child, sibling, or spouse of a household member. 22. Precise figures are not available, as the survey did not collect data for people departing by boat after December 2019. For information on the rising incidence of Rohingya women and children traveling to Malaysia by boat, see UNHCR, Refugee Movements in Southeast Asia, 2018–June 2019, https://www.unhcr.org/protection/migration/5d91e2564/refugeemovements-south-east-asia-2018-june-2019.html. Also see Caleb Quinley (2020), “Why Rohinyga women and children are risking dangerous smuggling routes,” The New Humanitarian, January 16, https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/ news/2020/1/16/Rohingya-trafficking-refugees-forced-marriage. 43