94 COLUM. J. RACE & L. [Vol. 11:83 Denationalization or deprivation of citizenship marks the third potential site for racialized citizenship.40 While some historical cases of racialized citizenship laws are well known, examined, and long since rejected, 41 many contemporary manifestations are under-examined. UNHCR opines that at least twenty states have nationality laws that permit denial or deprivation of nationality on discriminatory grounds including race,42 yet no comprehensive analysis of direct and indirect racial discrimination in nationality laws has been undertaken, and hence the true scope of the problem is unknown. The most observable cases of racialized citizenship (often leading to statelessness) are those resulting from manifestly discriminatory nationality laws. Rohingya people, considered among the world’s most persecuted ethnic minority groups, 43 have been rendered stateless en masse by Myanmar.44 The plight of Rohingya people is in large measure reflected in and perpetuated by the passing of Myanmar’s discriminatory 1982 Citizenship Law 45 and longstanding discriminatory 40 FitzGerald, supra note 35, at 131–32. 41 See generally IAN HANEY LÓPEZ, Racial Restrictions in the Law of Citizenship, in WHITE BY LAW: THE LEGAL CONSTRUCTION OF RACE 27 (1996) (regarding the United States); JAMES JUPP, FROM WHITE AUSTRALIA TO WOOMERA: THE STORY OF AUSTRALIAN IMMIGRATION (2002) (regarding Australian racialized citizenship laws). 42 U.N. HIGH COMM’R FOR REFUGEES, GLOBAL ACTION PLAN TO END STATELESSNESS: 2014–2024, 16 (2017), https://www.unhcr.org/54621bf49.html [https://perma.cc/AE2S-SZ32]. See also de Chickera & Whiteman, supra note 1, at 101–03. 43 Shatti Hoque, Myanmar’s Democratic Transition: Opportunity for Transitional Justice to Address the Persecution of the Rohingya, 32 EMORY INT’L L. REV. 551 (2018) (citing The Rohingyas: The Most Persecuted People on Earth?, ECONOMIST (June 13, 2015), https://www.economist.com/asia/2015/06/13/themost-persecuted-people-on-earth) [https://perma.cc/T2VK-L8SF]. See also Katie Young, Who Are the Rohingya and What Is Happening in Myanmar?, AMNESTY INT’L (Sept. 26, 2017), https://www.amnesty.org.au/who-are-the-rohingyarefugees [https://perma.cc/3SZA-N97R]. 44 See generally AMNESTY INT’L, M YANMAR: AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL ANNUAL REPORT 2016 (2017), https://www.amnesty.org/download/Documents/ASA1657612017ENGLISH.pdf [https://perma.cc/3BFU-PETX] (describing several instances of discrimination and persecution). 45 Nyi Nyi Kyaw, Unpacking the Presumed Statelessness of Rohingyas, 15 J. IMMIGR. & REFUGEE STUD. 269, 272 (2017) (“The main academic and policy argument in the past decades is that the Rohingya are not recognized as citizens of Myanmar because of the discriminatory 1982 law.”) (citations omitted).