REFERENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Available at: https://www.statelessness.eu/ UN Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, 28 September 1954, Article 1(1). UNHCR (2014), Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons Under the 1954 Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, para. 23: https://www.unhcr.org/dach/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2017/04/CH-UNHCR_Handbook-on-Protection-ofStateless-Persons.pdf. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 12(4). UNHCR, ‘Handbook’, para. 164. For more information about statelessness around the world, see: https://www.unhcr.org/ibelong/ For more information on statelessness in Europe, see: www.statelessness.eu Of the nearly six million people who applied for asylum for the first time in the European Economic Area and Switzerland in 20152020, 151,060 were recorded as ‘stateless’ or of ‘unknown nationality’. On average, around 3% of first-time asylum applicants are recorded as being stateless or of unknown nationality. See: Statistics | Eurostat (europa.eu). International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 12(4). For more information about the minorities affected by statelessness in Europe, see: https://www.statelessness.eu/issues/ stateless-minorities UNHCR (2010), Statelessness Determination Procedures and the Status of Stateless Persons (“Geneva Conclusions”), available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/4d9022762.html These include, among others the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (see Article 24.3), the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (see Articles. 2.2 and Article 3), the Convention of the Rights of the Child (see Articles 2, 3, 7 and 8), the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (see Article 9), the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (see Article 5(d)(iii)), Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, International Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (see Article 18), and the Universal Declaration on Human Rights (Article 15). UNHCR, ‘Handbook’. Only two countries in the Statelessness Index have not yet acceded to the 1954 Convention: Cyprus and Poland. See Executive Committee of the High Commissioner’s Programme, Conclusion on Identification, Prevention and Reduction of Statelessness and Protection of Stateless Persons No. 106 (LVII) - 2006, 6 October 2006, No. 106 (LVII), available at: https:// www.refworld.org/docid/453497302.html; UNHCR, ‘Handbook’; UNHCR (2020), Good Practices Paper – Action 6: Establishing Statelessness Determination Procedures to Protect Stateless Persons, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/5f203d0e4. html UNHCR, ‘Handbook’. UNHCR, ‘Geneva Conclusions’, para. 1. See also Gyulai, G. (2014) ‘The determination of statelessness and the establishment of a statelessness-specific protection regime’, in Edwards, A. & Waas, L. (eds) Nationality and Statelessness under International Law, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 116-117. UNCHR, ‘Handbook’, para. 144; UNHCR ‘Good Practices Paper - Action 6’, p. 4. Zhao v. the Netherlands (2020) CCPR/C/130/D/2918/2016 (UN Human Rights Committee, 28 December 2020), para. 10. Hoti v Croatia (2018), application no 63311/14 (European Court of Human Rights, 26 April 2018); Sudita Keita v Hungary (2020), application no. 42321/15 (European Court of Human Rights, 12 May 2020). The following Index countries have acceded to the 1954 Convention: Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. The following Index countries have entered reservations to the 1954 Convention: Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Moldova, Latvia, and the United Kingdom all entered reservations to provisions under Chapter IV (Welfare) of the 1954 Convention. Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Germany, Latvia, and Moldova all entered reservations to Article 27 of the 1954 Convention. The Index countries that have established in law an SDP leading to a dedicated statelessness status are Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Moldova, Spain, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom. More information at: https://index.statelessness.eu/themes/ statelessness-determination-and-status 1954 Convention, Article 38(1); International Law Commission, Draft Articles on Diplomatic Protection with commentaries, Yearbook of the International Law Commission, 2006 Vol. II (Part Two), https://www.refworld.org/docid/525e7929d.html UNHCR, ‘Handbook’, para. 23. 1930 Hague Convention on Certain Questions Relating to the Conflict of Nationality Laws, Articles 1 and 2. UNHCR, ‘Handbook’, para. 99. More information at: https://index.statelessness.eu/country/france. Instrumento de adhesión de España a la Convención sobre el Estatuto de los Apátridas, hecha en Nueva York el 28 de septiembre