JOURNAL OF ETHNIC AND MIGRATION STUDIES 15 recognition and equality in the new nation-state (Leitner and Ehrkamp 2006; Erdal, Doeland, and Tellander 2018; Birkvad 2019). Here, I focus on the material effects of legal citizenship, less on how citizenship shaped questions of affective belonging. Acknowledgements I would like to thank research participants in Istanbul for sharing their thoughts, and two anon­ ymous reviewers for their invaluable input. Disclosure statement No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s). Funding The work was supported by a University of Birmingham, College of Social Sciences PhD studentship. ORCID Paladia Ziss http://orcid.org/0009-0000-6222-0955 References Akcali, E. and Gormus, E. (2021) ‘Business People in War Times, the “Fluid Capital” and the “Shy Diaspora”: The Case of Syrians in Turkey’, Journal of Refugee Studies, 34(3), pp. 2891–2911. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/feaa084. Akçapar, S. K., and D. Şimşek. 2018. “The Politics of Syrian Refugees in Turkey: A Question of Inclusion and Exclusion Through Citizenship.” Social Inclusion 6 (1): 176–187. doi:10.17645/ si.v6i1.1323 Akyol, E. 2022. “Political Socialization Experiences of Turkish Citizen University Students of Syrian Origin.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 87:142–156. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.ijintrel.2022.02.002. Anderson, B. 2013. Us and Them? The Dangerous Politics of Immigration Control. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Anderson, B. 2024. “Blurred Boundaries: Fantasy Citizenship, the Worker Citizen and Mobility Controls.” Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 50 (11): 2767–2781. https://doi.org/10. 1080/1369183X.2023.2298545. Aptekar, S. 2016. “Making Sense of Naturalization: What Citizenship Means to Naturalizing Immigrants in Canada and the USA.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 17 (4): 1143–1161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12134-015-0458-5. Ark-Yıldırım, C., and M. Smyrl. 2021. Social Cash Transfer in Turkey: Toward Market Citizenship. Montreal: Springer Nature. Accessed: June 6, 2024. https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20. 500.12854/69743. Baban, F., S. Ilcan, and K. Rygiel. 2021. The Precarious Lives of Syrians: Migration, Citizenship, and Temporary Protection in Turkey. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press. BAMF. 2023. Bundesamt in Zahlen 2022. Nürnberg: Bundesamt für Migration und Flüchtlinge. Accessed November 23, 2023. https://www.bamf.de/SharedDocs/Anlagen/DE/Statistik/ BundesamtinZahlen/bundesamt-in-zahlen-2022.html