9. Moldova is also party to regional treaties or declarations, including the 1997 European Convention on Nationality (ECN), the 2006 Council of Europe Convention on the Avoidance of Statelessness in Relation to State Succession, the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), and the European Social Charter (ESC). 10. Moldova is a party to the 1954 Convention on the Status of Stateless Persons (1954 Convention) and to the 1961 Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness (1961 Convention).7 Moldova retains some reservations to the 1954 Convention, but these no longer have substantive effect as domestic law grants all convention rights to people recognised as stateless. Stateless Population Data 11. States should collect reliable quantitative and qualitative data on statelessness and adopt and strengthen measures to count stateless persons on their territory. 8 Disaggregated data on the stateless population in Moldova is limited. The authorities record data on people recognised as stateless in Moldova, but this data is not routinely published. Data on detention is also not published. There are problems with the way official data is collected, including that there are overlapping categories, such as ‘people with USSR passports’ and people with ‘undetermined citizenship’. This and the fact that there is no data available for the disputed Transnistrian region, means that the stateless population is likely to be underreported. 12. Figures provided by the Moldovan Government for the year-end 2020 state that 1904 stateless people (1113 women and 791 men) were registered in the Government’s database, including 1384 stateless people who were recorded as living in Transnistria.9 The data is also disaggregated by ethnicity: 854 Russians, 543 Ukrainians, 280 Moldovans, 31 Belarusians, 37 Bulgarians, 10 Tatars, 14 Azerbaijanis, 11 Armenians, and less than 10 from other ethnicities. At the end of 2020, 1501 people were registered in the Government’s database as people ‘with undetermined nationality’.10 According to UNHCR, at the end of 2020 there were 3405 persons in Moldova under its statelessness mandate.11 13. The Law Centre of Advocates carried out a mapping exercise in 2020 to identify stateless people or those at risk of statelessness in prisons and residential care centres. The National Prisons Administration reported 18 stateless people (recognised or applicants under the statelessness determination procedure) and 58 people with undetermined nationality in prisons. 48 people at risk of statelessness were identified in residential care centres. 7 Both conventions entered into force in Moldova in 2012. Conclusions of the Council of the European Union and the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States on Statelessness, 4 December 2015, http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2015/12/04/council-adoptsconclusions-on-statelessness/. 9 Figures provided to UNHCR Moldova by the Bureau for Migration and Asylum. 10 Figures provided to UNHCR Moldova by the Bureau for Migration and Asylum. 11 UNHCR, ‘Persons under UNHCR's statelessness mandate, 2020’. Data available at: https://www.unhcr.org/refugeestatistics/download/?url=MZy2ku. The figure includes persons determined to be stateless following the statelessness determination procedure and persons with undetermined nationality who hold expired Soviet passports. 8 3