On 19 January 2022, the European Asylum Support Office (EASO) became the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA). All references to EASO, EASO products and bodies should be understood as references to the EUAA. Manuscript completed in January 2025 Neither the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) nor any person acting on behalf of the EUAA is responsible for the use that might be made of the following information. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2025 Print ISBN 978-92-9410-412-0 doi: 10.2847/0726390 BZ-01-24-033-EN-C PDF ISBN 978-92-9410-411-3 doi: BZ-01-24-033-EN-N 10.2847/2454607 © European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA), 2025 For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by the EUAA, permission may need to be sought directly from the respective rightsholders. The EUAA does not own the copyright in relation to the following elements: — Cover illustration fabioderby, © AdobeStock, 2024.

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