has been pointed out that there are cases where nationality in a real sense is not shown on the foreigner residence cards and special permanent resident certificates on which the Statistics on Foreign National Residents is based.46 This report also contains some cases in the next chapter where the equivocality of nationality determination is inferred. (2) National Census One can refer to the national census to identify the number of stateless persons without a residency permit. The census takes place every five years, based on Article 2(4) and (6), and Article 5(1) and (2) of the Statistics Act, enumerating “all the people living in Japan”47 including all the foreigners “habitually living” in Japan.48 Seventeen topics are surveyed including “nationality”,49 which indicates that stateless persons living in Japan without a residence permit are also counted in the census. This can lead to an identification of the number of stateless persons in Japan regardless of whether or not they have a residence permit. The 2010 Population Census of Japan, in particular the results of the supplementary tabulation, lists 174,821 people as “stateless or unknown”.50 46 Ayane Odagawa, “Kokuseki, Mukokusekininteino Genjouto Kadai: Kaisei Nyuukanhouwo Fumaete [The Current Situation and Challenges of Determinations on Nationality and Statelessness: Under the Amended ICRRA]”. Imin Seisaku Kenkyuu [Migration Policy Review], No. 5 (May 2013), p. 30. 47 Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Heisei 27 Nen Kokuseichousanikansuru Q&A (Kaitou) [Q&A regarding the 2015 National Census (Answers)] at http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/qa-1.htm. 48 However, members of diplomatic missions and consular authorities of foreign governments and family members thereof, as well as military personnel and civilian employees of foreign armed forces and family members thereof, are not included. Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Heisei 27 Nen Kokuseichousano Gaiyou [Summary of the 2015 National Census], at http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2015/gaiyou.htm. 49 Ibid. 50 Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Kokuseichousa Heisei 22 Nen [National Census 2010]” (January 2013), at http://www.e-stat.go.jp/SG1/estat/List.do?bid=000001044522&cycode=0. These statistics were published as a result of additional compilation. Unlike regular compilation which is planned in advance, additional compilation is made according to newly identified needs. With regard to the National Census, additional compilation was made for the first time in 2010 and published in January 2013. Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Chousa Kekkano Shuukei Taikeito Kouhyou Jiki [Compilation System and Release Schedule of Survey Results]”, at http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2010/users-g/taikei.htm. Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Heisei 22 Nen Kokuseichousa [2010 National Census]”, at http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2010/index.htm. In the regular compilation which is planned in advance, ROK, DPRK, China, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, UK, US, Brazil, and Peru were listed in the number of foreign nationals, and 302,116 were counted as Other, which includes stateless persons and persons with “unknown” nationality. Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, “Heisei 22 Nen Kokuseichousa, Jinkoutou Kihon Shuukei (Danjo/Nenrei/Haiguukankei, Setaino Kousei, Juukyono Joutainado) Zenkoku Kekka [2010 National Census, Basic Compilation of Population Data (by Sex/Age/Marital Status, Household Structure, Status of Domicile, etc.), National Results]” (October 2011), at http://www.estat.go.jp/SG1/estat/List.do?bid=000001034991&cycode=0. 32