the Anti-Mail-Order Bride Law in 1990 (RA 6955), which prohibits entities from facilitating and organizing marriages. The situation of the Lumad mirrors that of the Rohingya. Both groups have centuries of heritage in Southeast Asia and both face issues surrounding native lands, cultural systems, and economic conditions. The difference is that the Lumad’s situation is not a highly publicized crisis, although they have been subjected to violence on a similar scale to the Rohingyas. A glimpse of the violence directed toward the Lumad is outlined in the US State Department’s Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor’s 2015 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in the Philippines.4 The report is just one of a sundry that encapsulates the long-standing forms of discrimination, among other human rights violations, that the Lumad have encountered. Unlike the plight of the Rohingya, there are legal empowerment successes that are absent from other similarly-situated indigenous groups, which sets the Lumad apart. The Lumad communal land is well-known for its rich minerals of gold, nickel, and copper. These highly valued minerals “Unlike the plight of the Rohingya, are under constant encroachment by politically influential mining there are legal empowerment succompanies. The 1997 Indigenous cesses that are absent from other Peoples’ Rights Act was constructsimilarly-situated indigenous groups, ed to protect and secure rights to which sets the Lumad apart” ancestral lands. Yet the Lumads are subjected to mounting pressure and violence from wealthy multinational corporations, logging and mining companies, and other companies with economic interest, that have influence with the military, government, and even some tribal leaders. For many years, these clashes have left thousands of Lumads displaced, violated and harmed after corporate plunder and militarization that includes wealthy Filipinos, who seized land for planting and exporting palm oil, rubber, pineapples, and bananas. In one instance, the Lumad faced removal from multiple sections of their ancestral land. The Lumand (under the name the Moro National Liberation Front [MNLF], which later splintered into the group Moro Islamic Liberation Front [MILF]), was formed in 1969 to resist heightening discrimination and marginalization. The group, along with other indigenous people, had been engaged in armed conflict with the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) since 1972. The conflict has reportedly killed tens of thousands of people and displaced over 3 million. On 24 March 2001, at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, an Agreement on the General Framework for the Resumption of Peace between the GRP and the MILF occurred. The agreement extended safety and security guarantees to MILF members, who were diUS State Department, ‘2015 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices, Philippines’ available at https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2015/eap/252793.htm. 4 http://community.apsanet.org/migrationcitizenship/home 39