FIG 3.1 a DEPRIVATION OF NATIONALITY ON GROUNDS OF DISLOYALTY: SAFEGUARD AGAINST STATELESSNESS, 2022 no deprivation ground deprivation based on disloyalty or treason 56 countries GLOBAL 134 countries 36 98 27% 73% explicit safeguard against statelessness NO safeguards against statelessness FIG 3.1 b DEPRIVATION OF NATIONALITY ON GROUNDS OF DISLOYALTY: SAFEGUARD AGAINST STATELESSNESS, BY WORLD REGION, 2022 no deprivation ground AFRICA deprivation based on disloyalty or treason explicit safeguard against statelessness against statelessness 40 9 9 41 22% 78% 15 20 AMERICAS 1 19 5% 95% 27 15 ASIA & THE PACIFIC 6 21 22% 78% 16 30 EUROPE 19 11 63% MENA NO safeguards 1 citizenship on this ground, while (some) other categories of citizens can. In many of these countries, the provision is only applicable to naturalised citizens. In Guinea-Bissau, for example, a naturalised citizen who has been definitively convicted for a crime against the state’s external security can lose their citizenship.11 In other cases, the provisions are broader in scope. For example, anyone who acquired citizenship of Angola “after birth” can lose Angolan citizenship on grounds of disloyalty.12 If provisions are only applicable to certain categories of citizens, this generally entails that the majority of citizens are shielded from deprivation of citizenship on this ground. This can lead to 37% 17 1 16 6% 94% discrimination,13 because certain groups of citizens hold a more contingent citizenship status than others. As such, the deprivation of nationality as a national security measure tends to disproportionately target those of minority or migrant heritage and is likely to be discriminatory on various grounds including race, ethnicity, religion or national origin.14 Moreover, where states provide for deprivation of nationality but do not allow statelessness, this also has the effect of targeting the measure at a specific sub-set of citizens: those who hold dual or multiple nationality. Of the 45 countries that have generally applicable deprivation powers for disloyalty, 21 maintain safe17