Memorie van Toelichting: Wijziging van de Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap in verband met het intrekken van het Nederlanderschap in het belang van de nationale veiligheid, nr. kst-34356-3 (9 December 2015) [Dutch], available at: https://zoek.officielebekendmakingen.nl/kst-34356-3.html. 54 A. Marseille, V. Bex-Reimert, P. de Winter, M. Wever and H. Winter, ‘Evaluatie wijziging van de Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap in het belang van de nationale veiligheid,’ (2020) WODC Rapport 3107 [Dutch], available at: https://repository.wodc.nl/handle/20.500.12832/2488. 55 College voor de Rechten van de Mens, ‘Advies conceptwetsvoorstel intrekken Nederlanderschap,’ (2015) [Dutch], available at: https://mensenrechten.nl/nl/ publicatie/35355. 56 CTIVD, ‘Toezichtsrapport. Over het handelen van de AIVD in het kader van intrekking van het Nederlanderschap in het belang van de nationale veiligheid,’ (2020) [Dutch], available at: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2020/06/16/aanbieding-ctivd-rapport-intrekking-nederlanderschap. 57 A. Marseille, V. Bex-Reimert, P. de Winter, M. Wever and H. Winter, ‘Evaluatie wijziging van de Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap in het belang van de nationale veiligheid,’ (2020) WODC Rapport 3107 [Dutch], available at: https://repository.wodc.nl/handle/20.500.12832/2488. 58 Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion, ‘Deprivation of Nationality as a National Security Measure in The Netherlands,’ (2021), available at: https://files. institutesi.org/Deprivation_of_Nationality_the_Netherlands.pdf. See also ‘Mandates of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism; the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention; the Special Rapporteur on contemporary forms of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance; the Special Rapporteur on torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment; the Special Rapporteur on trafficking in persons, especially women and children, and the Working Group on discrimination against women and girls,’ (8 December 2021) UA NLD 4/2021, available at: https://spcommreports.ohchr.org/TMResultsBase/DownLoadPublicCommunicationFile?gId=26814, p. 4. 59 Moreover, the extended power to deprive will only apply to adults and no longer to minors of 16 years and older. Rijkswet van 23 februari 2022 tot wijziging van de Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap en de Wet op de inlichtingen- en veiligheidsdiensten 2017, nr. stb-2022-84 (23 February 2022) [Dutch]. 60 See further the case study of Bahrain in Section 3.3. 61 See further the case study of the United Kingdom in Section 2.2. 62 Salam for Democracy and Human Rights, Institute for Statelessness and Inclusion, and the Hawiati MENA Statelessness Network, ‘Arbitrary Revocation of Nationality in Bahrain: A Tool of Oppression,’ (2021). 63 The number of people deprived of UK citizenship on national security grounds between 2006 and 2018 was reported to total 175. C.J. McKinney, ‘How many people have been stripped of their British citizenship?’ (10 January 2022), available at: https://www.freemovement.org.uk/how-many-people-havebeen-stripped-of-their-british-citizenship-home-office-deprivation/#:~:text=At%20least%20464%20people%20have,289%20for%20fraud%2C%20 since%202006. Data provided by the Secretary of State for the Home Department in ‘HM Government Transparency Report: Disruptive Powers 2020’ (March 2022) shows that a further 27 people were stripped of British citizenship in 2019 and 10 in 2020 – bringing the total since 2006 to 212. 64 International Campaign for Freedom in the United Arab Emirates, ‘Revocation of nationalities in the United Arab Emirates’ (25 January 2017), available at: https://www.icfuae.org.uk/research-and-publications/revocation-nationalities-united-arab-emirates. 65 H, ‘Djihadisme en Belgique: treize terroristes déchus de la nationalité belge’ (14 February 2022), available at: https://www.dhnet.be/actu/faits/djihadismeen-belgique-treize-terroristes-dechus-de-la-nationalite-belge-620951177b50a639dceb9db6. 66 A. Marseille, V. Bex-Reimert, P. de Winter, M. Wever and H. Winter, ‘Evaluatie wijziging van de Rijkswet op het Nederlanderschap in het belang van de nationale veiligheid,’ (2020) WODC Rapport 3107 [Dutch], available at: https://repository.wodc.nl/handle/20.500.12832/2488 67 M. Bolhuis and J. van Wijk. ‘Citizenship Deprivation as a Counterterrorism Measure in Europe; Possible Follow-Up Scenarios, Human Rights Infringements and the Effect on Counterterrorism’ (2020) European Journal of Migration and Law, Vol. 22(3). 68 ‘Neil Prakash stripped of Australian citizenship’, announcement by the Hon. Peter Dutton MP, Minister for Home Affairs (19 December 2018) available at: https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/search/display/display.w3p;query=Id%3A%22media%2Fpressrel%2F6418327%22. 69 UNHCR, ‘Mapping statelessness in Denmark’ (2019) available at: https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/5fe138154.pdf. 70 Ministry of Interior, ‘The government approved an amendment to the Citizenship Act’ (25 June 2020) available at: https://www.siseministeerium.ee/en/ news/government-approved-amendment-citizenship-act. 71 Report News Agency, ‘Austria firstly stripped off citizenship a man for ISIS links’ (27 March 2017) available at: https://report.az/en/other-countries/austriafirstly-stripped-off-citizenship-of-convicted-for-relations-with-isis/. 72 E. Zhirukhina, ‘Foreign Fighters from Central Asia: Between Renunciation and Repatriation,’ ISPI (3 October 2019), available at: https://www.ispionline.it/ en/pubblicazione/foreign-fighters-central-asia-between-renunciation-and-repatriation-24072. 73 ibid. 74 An overview of press reporting by the Guardian on Shamima Begum is available at: https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/shamima-begum. 75 L Times, ‘Turkey Sending ISIS Women back to NL Is ‘Very Disappointing’, Justice Min. Says,’ NL Times (20 November 2019), available at: https://nltimes. nl/2019/11/20/turkey-sending-isis-women-back-nl-disappointing-justice-min-says. 76 ibid. 77 NOS, ‘Ongewenste Jihadist Meteen Opgepakt Bij Terugkeer Op Schiphol,’ NOS (14 July 2021) [Dutch], available at: https://nos.nl/artikel/2389293ongewenste-jihadist-meteen-opgepakt-bij-terugkeer-op-schiphol. 78 Human Rights Watch, ‘France: European Court orders Suspension of Deportation,’ HRW (24 April 2008), available at: https://www.hrw.org/ news/2008/04/24/france-european-court-orders-suspension-deportation. See also Le Parisien, ‘Qui sont les derniers déchus de la nationalité française?,’ Le Parisien (6 January 2016) [French], available at: https://www.leparisien.fr/archives/qui-sont-les-derniers-dechus-de-la-nationalitefrancaise-06-01-2016-5426243.php; C. Barral, ‘La plupart des déchéances de nationalité sont prononcées pour terrorisme,’ Le Figaro (26 October 2019) [French], available at: https://www.lefigaro.fr/actualite-france/la-plupart-des-decheances-de-nationalite-sont-prononcees-pour-terrorisme-20191026. 79 ECtHR Registrar, ‘Chamber judgment Daoudi v. France (application no. 19576/08): Deportation to Algeria of a man convicted of terrorist acts would expose him to inhuman or degrading treatment,’ (3 December 2009), available at https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/ ENG#{%22itemid%22:[%22003-2955424-3252845%22]}. See also ECtHR, Daoudi v. France (2010), Application no. 19576/08, available at: https://hudoc. echr.coe.int/eng#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-96005%22]}, paras 14-17, 73; Le Parisien, ‘Qui sont les derniers déchus de la nationalité française ?,’ Le Parisien (6 January 2016) [French], available at: https://www.leparisien.fr/archives/qui-sont-les-derniers-dechus-de-la-nationalite-francaise-06-01-2016-5426243. php. 80 Human Rights Watch, ‘France: European Court orders Suspension of Deportation,’ HRW (24 April 2008), available at https://www.hrw.org/ news/2008/04/24/france-european-court-orders-suspension-deportation. 81 Amnesty International, ‘Punished without trial: The use of administrative Control Measures in the context of counter-terrorism in France,’ (2018), available at: https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur21/9349/2018/en/, p. 32. 82 Ibid. 83 Reuters, ‘Australia strips citizenship from alleged Islamic State recruiter’ (29 December 2018), available at: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideastaustralia-recruiter-idUSKCN1OS007. 84 The Guardian, ‘Neil Prakash 'not a Fiji citizen': Dutton move to strip Australian citizenship in doubt’ (2 January 2019), available at: https://www.theguardian. com/australia-news/2019/jan/02/neil-prakash-not-a-fiji-citizen-dutton-move-to-strip-australian-citizenship-in-doubt. 85 Daily Mail Australia, ‘Australian ISIS terrorist is released from jail and thrown in immigration detention while Turkey figures out where to deport him to - but NO country will take him’ (27 February 2022), available at: https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-10556601/Australian-ISIS-terrorist-jail-immigrationdetention-no-country-wants-him.html. 86 C. Woods and A. Ross, ‘‘Medieval Exile’: The 42 Britons Stripped of Their Citizenship,’ The Bureau of Investigative Journalism (26 February 2013), available at: https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2013-02-26/medieval-exile-the-42-britons-stripped-of-their-citizenship. 87 R. Gallagher, ‘Stripped of British Citizenship and Killed by an American Drone,’ The Intercept (15 October 2015), available at: https://theintercept.com/ drone-papers/the-life-and-death-of-objective-peckham/; C. Woods, ‘Parents of British Man Killed by US Drone Blame UK Government,’ The Bureau of Investigative Journalism (15 March 2013), available at: https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2013-03-15/parents-of-british-man-killed-by-usdrone-blame-uk-government. 88 ‘Open Letter from National Security Professionals to Western Governments: Unless We Act Now, the Islamic State Will Rise Again’, (11 September 2019) available at: https://thesoufancenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/FTF-Open-Letter.pdf. 89 C. Paulussen and M. Scheinin, ‘Deprivation of nationality as a counter-terrorism measure: a human rights and security perspective’ in The World’s Stateless: Deprivation of nationality, (Institute on Statelessness and Inclusion 2020), p. 226. 53 32