4 Chapter Summary of Findings - - - - - - - - - - - - - 316 1. Introduction - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 316 2. Protection under Article 1D - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 316 2.1. Automatic granting of refugee status to Palestinians outside UNRWA’s area of operations - - - - - - - - - - - 318 2.2. No incorporation of Article 1D in national legislation - - - - - 318 2.3. No application of Article 1D - - - - - - - - - - - - - 319 2.4. The role of Article 1D is unclear - - - - - - - - - - - - 319 2.5. Article 1D is not applicable as long as UNRWA continues its functions - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 320 2.6. Article 1D purely as an exclusion clause that applies in UNRWA’s area of operations - - - - - - - - 321 2.7. No automatic granting of refugee status - - - - - - - - - - 322 2.8. Australia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 322 2.9. Article 1D only applicable to those Palestinians who actually availed themselves of UNRWA’s assistance - - - - 323 2.10. Article 1D limited temporally - - - - - - - - - - - - - 324 2.11. Approaches that follow, to some extent, the 2013 UNHCR Note - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 325 3. Other forms of protection 3.1. Protection under the Statelessness Conventions - - - - - - - 333 3.2. Subsidiary Protection - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 335 3.3. Temporary Protection - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 336 5 The Interpretation and Application of Article 1D: Chapter a Critical Approach - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 338 1. A comparative overview of UNHCR’s interpretations and national practices - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 338 1.1. The “ipso facto” provision - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 338 1.2. The “benefits of this Convention” - - - - - - - - - - - 341 1.3. “When such protection or assistance has ceased for any reason” - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 342 2. Beyond UNHCR’s 2013 interpretation of Article 1D - - - - - - - - 344 2.1. The “safe country” mechanism and effective protection refugees between States - - - - - - - - - - - 346 2.2. UNCCP and the cessation of protection - - - - - - - - - 358 3. Final remarks: pathways to change - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 359