b. UN system 83. Effective responses to statelessness require a coordinated international response. Statelessness is a problem of significant magnitude at the global level and issues of statelessness are characterized by political and technical complexity, often relating to the mandates of several UN agencies. Flexible coordination structures are therefore encouraged. 84. Cooperation and coordination under the Common Country Assessment (CCA), the UN Development Assistance Framework (UNDAF) and Delivering as One initiatives are of relevance particularly because addressing statelessness is frequently linked to development programmes. UNHCR Field Offices should therefore strongly consider contributing to and making use of these mechanisms to address statelessness, particularly in the fields of promotion of non-discrimination and inclusion of stateless populations in development programmes, legal reform, as well as citizenship and documentation campaigns. UNHCR Field Offices may seek to include statelessness, as appropriate, in the Consolidated Appeal Process (CAP). 85. At the field level, UNHCR has already worked closely in a number of contexts with OHCHR, UNICEF, UNFPA and UNDP as well as with peace-keeping missions. The mandates and expertise of these agencies and missions often intersect with UNHCR’s statelessness mandate. Field Offices are therefore encouraged to build and consolidate ties with these partners, including on joint advocacy, technical advice, operational support to States and training. 86. Engaging with UN agencies in the area of statelessness may also be enhanced through the Rule of Law Coordination (52) and Resource Group, which brings together a number of UN actors at Headquarters level. The Resource Group has (53) already provided UN system-wide guidance on constitution-making and serves as a means of sharing information and best practices. c. Other international and regional organizations 87. Wherever statelessness is linked to migration as a cause or a consequence of migration, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) may be a potential partner. For instance, prevention of and assistance to victims of trafficking and (54) smuggling as well as return of stateless migrants may be areas where UNHCR can address statelessness along with IOM. 88. Statelessness often originates with legislative gaps that require legislative solutions. Parliamentarians are therefore a key actor. The Inter-Parliamentary Union (IPU) is an international organization of which 153 national parliaments are currently members. The IPU can facilitate contacts and exchanges with parliamentarians who UNHCR wishes to engage in efforts to (55) address statelessness. UNHCR Field Offices may use the UNHCR/Inter-Parliamentary Union publication Nationality and Statelessness: A Handbook for Parliamentarians for this purpose. 89. Regional organizations and institutions can play a key role as fora for standard-setting, advocacy and awareness-raising. As noted above, some of the key international standards to prevent statelessness are contained in regional treaties. In many instances UNHCR played a role in the development of those standards. As well, UNHCR has worked closely with regional organizations to address statelessness in specific countries. Regional organizations with which UNHCR has undertaken initiatives relating to statelessness in the past include: • African Union; • Organization of American States; • League of Arab States; • Council of Europe; • Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe; • European Union; • Asian-African Legal Consultative Organization; • Regional human rights systems. 52 See the UN Rule of Law website at http://www.unrol.org. Guidance Note of the Secretary-General: United Nations Assistance to Constitution-making Processes, available at http://www.unrol.org/doc.aspx?n=Guidance_Note_United_Nations_Assistance_to_Constitution-making_Processes_FINAL.pdf 54 See also the Joint IOM/UNHCR Framework Document for Developing Standard Operating Procedures to Facilitate the Protection of Trafficked Persons. 55 Executive Committee Conclusion No. 106 (LVII) – 2006, para. (g). 53 21