12 Molly Land, Kathryn Libal, and Jillian Chambers Parekh41 and Kathryn Sikkink42 – writing respectively as a philosopher and a political theorist – have invoked Iris Marion Young’s work on injustice to promote ideas of responsibility to others as a basis for engaging in collective and individual action to protect the human rights of all. The second half of this collection engages with these ideas of empathy and responsibility to explore arguments for protecting the rights of others from a variety of different vantage points. Eleni Coundouriotis’ analysis of the work of Peter Balakian in Chapter 7 introduces this discussion by examining the role of narrative in creating conditions that enable a discussion about belonging and rights. Chapters 8, 9, and 10 by Daniel Kanstroom, Serena Parekh, and Tendayi Bloom, respectively, suggest possible grounds for new forms of belonging, including solidarity, economic rights, and non-citizen rights. The final two chapters in this part, Chapters 11 and 12 by Susan Bibler Coutin and Jaya Ramji-Nogales, respectively, discuss the way forward. They propose bottom-up methods for constructing international law and political action that may be better able to accommodate and channel responsibilities across borders. Chapter 7, “Imagining New Forms of Belonging: The Futurity of the Stateless,” reflects on the importance of narrative in constructing community and defining bonds of belonging. According to Coundouriotis, literary analysis can help us navigate difficult questions of law and policy by prodding the reader’s imagination and ability to think outside the box. Coundouriotis examines Peter Balakian’s memoir Black Dog of Fate to explore the role of testimony in relating past to future. As she explains, “Testimony makes legible the futurity of statelessness and invites creative engagement to elaborate on new aspirations.” Accounting for the past is what allows us “to make a claim for future belonging.” This chapter is also a contemporary illustration of literature’s ability to mobilize empathy as a foundation for such claims. According to Coundouriotis, narrative is essential in allowing the reader to identify with the experience of another. Empathy, as opposed to compassion and sympathy, is an active practice of becoming vulnerable. It requires one to identify with aspects of the experience of another person. Identifying with those in precarious and vulnerable circumstances can be terrifying: One worries it may negate one’s own pain, or that the experience of empathy will be painful itself, or will create new pain due to an awareness of one’s powerlessness. Balakian’s work engages the reader in the practice of empathy by allowing the reader to identify with Balakian, which not only makes legible the experience of violation but also “refuses to other the victim of genocide.” Considering Balakian’s oeuvre as a whole, Coundouriotis traces a path in his work from engagement with history to responsibility for the future. His poetry, for example, links crises such as genocide and environmental catastrophe “by analogy 41 42 S. Parekh, No Refuge (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020). K. Sikkink, The Hidden Face of Rights: Towards a Politics of Responsibilities (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108914994 Published online by Cambridge University Press