58 Azadeh Dastyari and Asher Hirsch The aim of the ALO network is to “extend [the Australian] border all the way to embarkation points.”17 However, the direct impact of ALOs is difficult to quantify, as there is no record keeping of any refugee claims made at the departure point.18 This has been noted at a roundtable with the UNHCR and the Council of Europe: “It is impossible to be precise about the number of refugees who are denied escape due to stringent checks by transport companies. The number is considered to be on the rise, however, not least since transport companies have been assisted by Governmental liaison officers in verifying travel documents.”19 Use of Technology Finally, to ensure compliance with its carrier sanctions and to further monitor and control its external borders, Australia maintains a range of surveillance technologies. The Department of Immigration’s Annual Report 2014–2015 highlights a number of “Border Systems” it employs to monitor and control the movement of passengers en route to Australia. These include systems to identify “people who are of concern for a number of reasons, including health, character and national security”; to record “lost, stolen or cancelled and bogus foreign travel documents”; and to share “realtime travel document validation service between participating RMAS [regional movement alert system] economies – currently Australia, New Zealand, the USA and the Philippines.”20 As the Department notes, these systems ensure that “people tendering invalid travel documents [are] prevented from boarding a flight from any boarding point.”21 Since 2005, Australia has required all airlines to process passengers through the Advance Passenger Processing (“APP”) system.22 The Department of Immigration outlines how this process works: Airlines bringing travellers to Australia are required to confirm that each traveller they uplift has an authority to travel to Australia, usually in the form of a visa. Airlines confirm this authority using the advance passenger processing (APP) system, which also reports details of all passengers and crew to the Department before arrival. This gives the Department and other agencies advance notice in real time of a person arriving by air and helps to facilitate immigration clearance of genuine travellers on arrival.23 Morrison, “New Measures at Our Borders to Protect against Terrorist Threat.” Taylor, “Offshore Barriers to Asylum Seeker Movement,” p. 98; Brouwer and Kumain, “Interception and Asylum,” p. 10. 19 Brouwer and Kumain, “Interception and Asylum” at 11. 20 Department of Immigration and Border Protection, 2014–2015 Annual Report, p. 91. 21 Ibid. 22 Taylor, “Offshore Barriers to Asylum Seeker Movement,” p. 99. 23 Department of Immigration and Border Protection, 2014–2015 Annual Report, p. 92. 17 18 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108914994 Published online by Cambridge University Press