camps are not allowed to offer Bengali language instruction and refugees cannot obtain qualifications that enable them to move on to further education, training or vocations. Access to education for girls is further limited due to social norms and parental concerns over the safety and security of girls at and on the way to school, particularly after they have reached puberty.3 26. Movement out of, and between, the different camps in Bangladesh is restricted for refugees. These movement restrictions have been more strictly enforced in the past three years. This has further limited access to work in the informal economies outside the camps. Inside the camps, there are very limited opportunities for refugees to work mostly in voluntary capacities on stipends, doing community work for NGOs. Funding shortfalls for NGOs working in the camps have reduced humanitarian activities and further limited these roles for Rohingyas within the camps.4 Rohingyas have been barred from running small shops and stalls in the refugee camp markets to earn small incomes and sustain an informal economy within the camps. Thousands of Rohingya shops were dismantled by the camp authorities in 2022.5 This further limits economic opportunities. 27. Women, in particular, have limited access to work outside their shelters, although some continue to work voluntarily for women’s groups or to support victims of gender-based violence. Members of armed groups/gangs that operate in the refugee camps impose restrictions on women working outside the home or in the public sphere through intimidation and harassment. Women who participated in our forthcoming research,6 reported feeling unsafe at work, travelling to work and in their household shelters. Restrictions on access to the public sphere limits their access to income earning opportunities in the informal camp economies. This reduces their economic and social status within households. This low status can influence household and individual decision-making processes, leading women and girls to undertake unsafe journeys by sea and land for marriage or income earning opportunities elsewhere in Bangladesh or in other countries such as Malaysia or India.7 3 Bangladesh shuts largest private school in Rohingya camps, March 2022, https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220328-bangladeshshuts-largest-private-school-inrohingya-camps, [accessed 20/09/2022] CARE, Mobilising against child marriage in Rohingya communities, July 2022, https://reliefweb.int/report/bangladesh/mobilising-against-childmarriagerohingya-communities, [accessed 20/09/2022] 4 The Asia Foundation and BRAC University, ‘Navigating at the Margins: Family, Mobility and Livelihoods Amongst Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh’ (2020) available at: https://asiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/Navigating-the-Margins_Family-Mobilityand-Livelihoods-Amongst-Rohingya-inBangladesh.pdf [accessed 20/09/2022] 5 Thousands of Rohingya shops Demolished, Jan 2022, The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jan/05/thousands-of-rohingya-shops-demolished-inbangladesh-leaving-refugees-desperate 6 Dangerous Journey’s out of Bangladesh: Insecurities and Immobilities for Rohingya refugee women. ISI, forthcoming 2023. 7 Dangerous Journeys through Myanmar: Insecurities and Immobilities for Rohingya Women in Postcoup Myanmar, ISI, https://files.institutesi.org/Rohingya_Women_in_Post-Coup_Myanmar.pdf The Asia Foundation and BRAC University, ‘Navigating at the Margins: Family, Mobility and Livelihoods Amongst Rohingya Refugees in Bangladesh’ (2020) available at: https://asiafoundation.org/wp- 6