Caroline Nalule and Anna Nambooze on the basis of birth in the Sultan’s dominions, but not to subjects or citizens of specified countries, which included France140. Since Comoros was a French colony, Comorians in Zanzibar remained French subjects141. The 1963 independence constitution of Zanzibar established citizenship by birth for every person born (whether before or after the commencement of the Constitution) within the Dominions of the Sultan to parents either of whom was a Zanzibar subject142. Accordingly, Comorians had to register and apply for a certificate of naturalisation143. During the 1964 revolution, since Comorians were associated with the Arabs, they too became victims of the violence. In the aftermath and after the Union with Tanganyika, some Comorians, specifically those that had served under the Sultanate, were repatriated back to Comoros. In the last half of the 1960s and early 1970s, Comorians were the subject of a census, a government-led crackdown on schools, also threats of expulsion unless they naturalised as Tanzanians144 and dismissals from public office145. Even for those that naturalised, some were later to have their passports revoked on the “grounds that they had been issued in error”146. To date, although eligible Comorians may acquire Tanzania citizenship by applying for naturalisation, those that have not obtained citizenship may be considered as illegal migrants. 4.3 The Makonde The Makonde migration from Northern Mozambique started before colonial times for reasons that included escaping mosquito and tsetse fly infestations, and raids from the Ngoni people. A large number of the Makonde, however, settled in present-day Tanzania during the colonial times when they were brought in to work on the plantations. Since they originated from a Portuguese colony, they were excluded from the nationality laws of either Tanganyika or Zanzibar. They could however apply for naturalisation under citizenship provisions of the Constitution and the law147. Despite the legal opportunity to apply for citizenship, it seems like most of the Makonde did not naturalise, possibly because of their social and economic marginalisation, coupled with the bureaucratisation of the naturalisation process. Consequently, most of the Makonde remain in Zanzibar without formal recognition as citizens of Tanzania148. 4.4 Long-term refugees in Tanzania Since most African countries gained independence, they have experienced civil wars and conflicts of sorts. Most of Tanzania’s neighbours have been no exception. Conflicts in Mozambique, Rwanda, Burundi, Congo, and Uganda, to mention but some, led to many people 140 The Nationality Decree, Cap 39 of 1952, section 1 (2) and Schedule 3. Manby, Statelessness, supra note 130, p.63. 142 The Constitution of the State of Zanzibar, 1963, Article 1(a). 143 Ibid, Article 3. 144 Manby, Statelessness, supra note 130, p.63. 145 T A Mohamed (2006), ‘Les Comoriens de Zanzibar durant la Révolution Okello (1964-1972), Journal des Africanistes, Vol. 76-2’ pp. 137 – 154, available at https://journals.openedition.org/africanistes/819, accessed on 2 October 2019. 146 Manby, Statelessness, supra note 130, p.64. 147 The Constitution of Zanzibar, 1993, sections 1(a) & 3; the Nationality Decree, 1952, sections 5 & schedule 1. 148 Manby, Statelessness, supra note 130, pp. 64-5. 141 RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-CR 2020/6 - © 2020 Author(s) 21