coincidence. Defined as stateless, an ethnic outsider, and a Muslim without rights, the Rohingya woman emerges as the most vulnerable target. And we must realize that the women were not merely casualties of crossfire; rather, they have been actively and deliberately targeted. It is well known that the Arakan Army resumed fighting with the Myanmar military on 13 November 2023. This is the third outbreak of hostilities in Rakhine State since 2018. In this conflict, Rakhine has seen cycles of violence, with the Rohingya community often being targeted on account of their religious and ethnic identity. Other than mass killings, forced displacement, and the destruction of properties, there are reports that indicate the episodes of violence have been also accompanied by sexual atrocities of the Rohingya women. The sexual violence is something that has been previously also committed by the ‘Myanmar military, in which innumerous women from the community have been raped.’ There are credible reports and testimonies that reveal the AA’s methods of sexual violence surpassed the cruelty of the military. Human Rights Watch’s 2025 report notes that as conflict expanded into late 2024, Rohingya girls and women were increasingly faced with sexual violence by both Military and non-state actors such as the Arakan Army (AA). United Nations investigator Thomas Andrews in late 2024 also reported explicitly named the Arakan Army committing rape, torture, killing, abduction, arbitrary arrest, sexual violence against innocent Rohingya civilians in Rakhine State, Myanmar. Therefore, the chapter and the analysis of the testimonies that follow is rooted in the voices of the survivors of the sexual violence. We have seen in our testimonies that rape and sexual harassment survivor recounted that the AA came into their villages in groups. In addition to revenge in which their men did not obey the various demands proposed by the group, they also targeted women based on their appearance. The systematic rape of Rohingya women by the AA in 2024 constitutes a war crime and a gendered dimension of genocide. These women who are traumatized courageously offer crucial evidence to study sexual violence in a society where being raped is seen as a matter of shame. 58