Alongside legal exclusion, state institutions and extremist religious-nationalist forces fueled animosity against the Rohingya. Buddhist ultra-nationalist organizations like Ma Ba Tha (969), led by hate-mongering monk Ashin Wirathu, propagated the false narrative that the growing Muslim population posed a threat to Myanmar’s Buddhist identity. This ideology fed into state policy and social attitudes, consolidating a climate of fear and hate. A particularly violent wave of persecution began in 2012 following the lynching of twelve Tablighi Jamaat members traveling from Sittwe to Rangoon. Following this riot, more than 120,000 Rohingyas were internally displaced in Sittwe, Rakhine State, and thousands more were forced to flee from the country due to the targeted illegal arrest by the Military. The incident was also manipulated by radical Buddhist groups and the state to justify widespread violence against the Rohingya. Military and police forces, supported by local mobs, unleashed brutal crackdowns that included mass killings, the burning of villages, and the rape of Rohingya women and girls. These events marked the beginning of a decade-long escalation of state-sanctioned atrocities. The military carried out systematic campaigns of violence in Rakhine State during 2012-2017, resulting in the 2017 genocide. That year, hundreds of villages were decimated, thousands killed, and over 700,000 Rohingya escaped to neighboring Bangladesh in a historically large forced displacement. The extent of the damage and violence came to light through survivor reports, satellite photos, and inquiries from international bodies, notably the UN and Human Rights Watch. The UN described the 2017 genocide of the Rohingya community as a “textbook example of ethnic cleansing.” Even after highlighting the genocide of the helpless community, still the persecution did not end with the forced exodus of 2017. In the subsequent years and particularly in between 2018 and 2023, the Rohingya continued to face movement restrictions, denial of education, confiscation of land, and arbitrary detention in both Rakhine State and refugee camps. The resurgence of the AA and its ongoing conflict with the Myanmar military has introduced a new phase of violence, with the Rohingya once again caught in the crossfire. However, recent evidence suggests that the AA has not only mirrored the military’s repressive tactics but has also initiated its own campaigns of targeted violence. From 2019 onwards, the AA increased its operations against the Myanmar military, adding more violence and contributing to further human rights abuses. This increased the suffering of the 8