THE RIGHT TO A NATIONALITY AND THE RIGHT TO ADEQUATE HOUSING: AN ANALYSIS OF THE INTERSECTION OF TWO LARGELY ‘INVISIBLE’ HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS BENJAMIN GRONOWSKI * Millions of individuals around the world face challenges enjoying their right to a nationality, and millions more face challenges enjoying their right to adequate housing. While these human rights violations are recognised in general terms, little research has considered the extent to which these human rights abuses intersect as stateless persons face violations of specific socioeconomic rights, especially the right to adequate housing. This research attempts to fill that gap. This analysis explores the term adequate housing and the various legal instruments that enshrine this right, as well as the unique challenges faced by stateless persons in its enjoyment. This research argues that states have failed to respect, protect and fulfil the right to adequate housing for stateless persons in a number of contexts and that these failures are particularly acute for stateless persons with additional marginalised identities, which can then result in additional human rights violations. This analysis examines how previous policy solutions have failed to adequately consider the unique needs of inadequately housed stateless persons and calls attention to the need for more holistic and inclusive approaches to realise the right to adequate housing for all, which must include stateless persons. TABLE OF CONTENTS Two ‘Invisible’ Human Rights Violations, Individually and Together ................ 240 The Meaning of the Right to Adequate Housing and Its Protections According to Human Rights Law ......................................................................... 243 Challenges to Enjoying the Right to Adequate Housing for Stateless Persons and Further Legal Protections for Stateless Individuals .......................... 246 State Obligations Regarding the Right to Adequate Housing for Stateless Persons ................................................................................................... 249 A The Obligation to Respect ........................................................................ 249 B The Obligation to Protect ......................................................................... 250 C The Obligation to Fulfil ............................................................................ 252 Intersectional Identities and Statelessness: Further Discrimination in the Right to Adequate Housing................................................................................... 254 The Interconnected Nature of Violations of the Right to Adequate Housing and Other Human Rights ...................................................................................... 256 Shortcomings of the Past and a Look to the Future .............................................. 258 * Benjamin Gronowski is a recent graduate of the University of Minnesota’s Humphrey School of Public Affairs, where he received the James Lyday Fellowship for Public Service and obtained his Master of Human Rights degree. He has researched and advocated for the right to a nationality at the Institute for Statelessness and Inclusion, as a Peace Corps Volunteer in the Dominican Republic, and in academia.