Comparative regional report on citizenship law: Anglophone Caribbean Yet, as this report notes, the vast majority of states in the subregion are still not party to the statelessness conventions and they continue to lack statelessness status determination procedures, despite more than half articulating provisions for routes to citizenship for this population (see Table 5). Legal routes to citizenship are important, but when states lack the means by which to determine who is stateless (or a refugee) and who is not, then it is unclear how these legal provisions are translated into practice. As such, refugees and stateless persons continue to be individuals whose right to citizenship is placed in jeopardy in the subregion and they continue to be populations of concern for UNHCR in the area.72 Another population of concern, which differs from the aforementioned refugee and stateless populations, is that of the natural-disaster and climate-induced forcibly displaced persons. The subregion, especially those who are members of the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union (ECCU), which includes Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent and the Grenadines, has been called “one of the most disaster-prone regions in the world” (World Trade Organisation 2019, 3). The countries of the ECCU alone “rank in the top ten most disaster-prone countries in the world when considering disasters per land area or percentage of population” (ibid.). The Caribbean has been ravaged by several natural disasters in the past decade. With regard to the Anglophone Caribbean in particular, large-scale and intense hurricanes have affected the lives and livelihoods of many communities. Islands in the Eastern Caribbean, which include Antigua and Barbuda, 73 were hit by category 74 5 Hurricane Irma in 2017. Category 5 Hurricane Maria pummelled Dominica directly thereafter, and, most recently, Hurricane Dorian, another category 5 storm, devastated the northern Bahamas in 2019. When individuals are forcibly displaced or lose identity documents as a result of natural disasters, it places their ability to prove their citizenship, or to access their associated citizenship rights and protections, at risk. Caribbean Migration Consultations are on-going with regard to natural-disaster and climate-induced forced displacement, 75 but this is an important and heightened area of concern for the region as a whole, especially given that it is “increasingly at risk of forced displacement from more intense hurricanes linked to climate warming” (UNICEF 2019, 8). In the wake of these natural disasters, which has seen the economies of these affected countries lose billions of dollars,76 some governments with CBI programmes have reduced their initial investment requirements. 77 In places like St. Vincent and the Grenadines, the 72 The right to citizenship (or a nationality) is articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UN 1948) and international treaties, such as the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, among others (see Belton (2017a), Chapter 1, footnote 10, pp. 205-6.) 73 Barbuda was essentially destroyed post-Irma and to date Barbadians are fighting to try and get the government to help them with recovery. 74 A category five hurricane is the most powerful with sustained winds of at least 157mph (252kmph). To learn more about the various categories of hurricanes, see NOAA (2020). 75 See, for instance, Caribbean Migration Consultations (2019). 76 The World Trade Organisation (WTO) estimates that the Caribbean has lost more than $22 billion since 1950 due to natural disasters (WTO 2019). Hurricane Dorian alone caused at least $2.5 billion in damages and total economic loss at $7 billion or half of The Bahamas’ gross national product. See, for example, IADB (2019) and Relief Web (2019). 77 Antigua and Barbuda, Grenada, and St. Kitts and Nevis all lowered their investment requirements posthurricane. See Smith (2018). 28 RSCAS/GLOBALCIT-Comp. 2020/3 - © 2020 Authors