Acknowledgements The lead authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the Australian Research Council in awarding Professor Michelle Foster a Discovery Project grant titled ‘Understanding Statelessness in Australian Law and Practice’ which enabled the project team to undertake such a comprehensive study (DP210100929). We acknowledge Dr Christoph Sperfeldt (Macquarie Law School) who provided valuable input at an early stage of the project’s development. We were fortunate to work with outstanding colleagues on this study through the Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness. Dr Jordy Silverstein undertook historical work on statelessness in Australia which was independent of but complementary to our work. Dr Philippa Duell-Piening worked as a research fellow on the project and provided outstanding support in developing protocols for and conducting some of the qualitative research. Sally Chen, a Master of Science (Epidemiology) student at the University of Melbourne provided excellent research support and analysis in relation to statistics. The broader PMCS team of exceptional academics, PhD candidates and professional staff provided inspiration, ideas and encouragement. We also benefited from the excellent research environment at MLS including support from Mas Generis and the Melbourne Law School Office for Research team, Amanda Whiting, Greta Robenstone, Karen Kissane and JoJo Zheng. We particularly acknowledge the members of the International Advisory Group appointed to provide guidance and feedback and whose expertise and insight was formative in the initial planning stage of the project: Heather Alexander, Judith Carter, Sarah Dale, Ekaterina E, Radha Govil, Dr Gábor Gyulai, Chris Nash and Dr Christoph Sperfeldt. We further acknowledge the support of Peter and Ruth McMullin and the Advisory Board of the Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness. Importantly, we wish to acknowledge the many people from around Australia—including stateless people—who agreed to share their experience and insights with us. Artwork Title: “Fecire 1: The photos of Xece and Gulo of Dersim — My Grandmothers” by Ufuk (Seramiken Dersim), formerly stateless artist and activist. Collage – ceramics and photography. Artist note: “Rare photographs of them still exist. In those images, they stand on their land. A land to which they belonged — long before the state claimed it. Long before borders renamed it. Long before displacement scattered their descendants across distances measured not only in kilometres, but in memory. They were in my mind when I created this vessel. The ceramic piece, titled Fecire, holds a fragment of an amulet left to me. One small remnant of what survived seizure, exile, and silence. It is both container and witness. A form and glaze shaped by memory, absence, and inheritance. The vessel stands upon the photograph of two displaced grandmothers and their grandchild, far from their homeland — in a place with no ancestral connection. The image and the object speak to one another across time. One captures what was taken. The other holds what remains. The piece stands on their photograph and belonging, as memory stands on history.’’ Understanding Statelessness in Australia | Peter McMullin Centre on Statelessness 5