2025 Statelessness & Citizenship Review 7(1) citizenship.99 Conflict has also engulfed Rohingya homelands in Rakhine State Myanmar, with the main Ethnic Armed Organisation (‘EAO’) in the area, Arakan Army, replicating state practices of group persecution. Internationally, the legal processes designed to hold Myanmar and Myanmar officials to account for the crimes against Rohingya, including the legal proceedings at the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Court and those relating to international jurisdiction have referred to the deprivation of nationality,100 but they have no mechanisms or procedures through which they can effectively incorporate Rohingya articulations of citizenship restitution.101 The lack of accountability in international law extends beyond either the Rohingya or Palestine context, underlining how state-issued documents are imbued with forms of state power that, within the current international political order which gives priority to states, cannot easily be turned around by the bearers of these documents to push back. 3 Countering erasure through community-centred knowledge production and arts As noted in the previous Part, mass citizenship stripping is often accompanied by state practices that attempt to re-work the histories and identities of the targeted group to erase them from nationalist histories or to legitimise exclusions. Exclusionary framings are asserted through the control over national curricula in schools and higher education settings, the curtailing of academic freedoms, the control and censorship in media and social media, and the drafting processes for discriminatory citizenship laws and constitutions. Such practices have, for example, been a feature of state approaches to Palestinian, Kurdish and Rohingya histories. 102 Strategies to counter exclusionary statist histories and discourses include community-centred knowledge production and the development of platforms and networks for dissemination. State erasures been challenged by producing literature, poetry, art, language and research articles that centre community knowledge and identity to counter nationalist histories and discourses. This can also involve linguistic renewal, and the teaching of traditional skills and knowledge.103 Likewise, art and cultural production in the Kurdish context has been key to countering erasures in Iran, Iraq, Syria and Turkey.104 Some forms of knowledge production and art explicitly explore administrative and legal erasure and the violence of national ID systems that target specific groups. For example, Palestinian poet laureate, Mahmoud Darwish, explored 99 Anonymous, ‘Palestinian citizens of Israel Fear Risk of Becoming Stateless amidst Rising Calls for Citizenship Revocation’, ENS (Blog Post, 12 September 2024) <https://www.statelessness.eu/updates/blog/palestinian-citizens-israel-fear-risk-becomingstateless-amidst-rising-calls>, archived at <perma.cc/JE95-4JYY>. 100 On the universal jurisdiction issue, see ‘Burmese Rohingya Organisation UK (‘BROUK’): For the Rights of Rohingya’, Historic Decision by Argentinian Courts to Take up Genocide Case against Myanmar (Media Release, 28 November 2021) <https://www.brouk.org.uk/historic-decision-by-argentinian-courts-to-take-up-genocidecase-against-myanmar/> , archived at <perma.cc/UN2D-9NNL>. 101 Jade Roberts, ‘Statelessness before the ICJ: The Gambia v Myanmar’ (2023) 5(1) Statelessness & Citizenship Review 226. 102 On Palestinian histories, see Khalidi (n 34). On Kurdish histories, see Sustam (n 74). On Rohingya histories, see Maung Zarni and Natalie Brinham, ‘Reworking the Colonial-Era Indian Peril’ (2017) 24 (Fall/Winter) Brown Journal of World Affairs 53. 103 Areej Alshammiry’s work explores novels, literature and the use of social media platforms as ways that Bidoons from Kuwait have resisted erasure: Alshammiry (n 88). 104 Sustam (n 74). 24