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N. KAPOOR AND K. NARKOWICZ
for their marriage prospects and on their ability to work (Shamim and Karim).
Amir spoke about the impossibility of applying for jobs, “if you don’t have a
passport, they suspect you are a migrant”, noting the continuities between
the “enemy within” and the “enemy at the gate” (Sivanandan 2006) and highlighting the merging of anti-terrorism and anti-immigration legislation. The
consequences, he felt, were that people were being “pushed underground”.
For Ayesha, passport removal put her in a precarious housing situation: “It
was difficult to get a flat without the passport … I found a landlord and
spoke to him privately.” In another case Shamim reported that on applying
for a job for which he had been required to undertake a DBS check, the
record came back reporting that he was suspected of funding terrorism,
even though he had faced no such charges. Others who had employment
were worried about what would happen if their employers found out that
their passport had been removed: “People at work don’t know, but I’m
worried the police will come and tell them” (Ayesha). Bilal expressed similar
anxiety. Despite being the only one of our participants who had his passport
returned to him he has been criminalized in other ways including having his
bank account frozen.
There were broader feelings of estrangement and isolation expressed, not
just in relation to the state, but also from within one’s own community where
suspicion had led to increasing experiences of alienation with neighbours and
some family members fearful of being seen as “guilty by association”:
People get scared not because they think you did anything but because they are
scared. Because we all know each other. Extended family, they don’t phone to
the house … Lots of people try to keep it hidden, myself I haven’t spoken to
many people. (Shamim)
What they did to us has ostracised us in the community … Women that I used to
hang out with, go to dinner, movie with … the parents at the school. I have no
friends. (Ayesha)
For Ayesha and other participants, the impact of passport removals had
effects on their mental health. Most interviewees expressed feeling very
upset and worried about their future. Mohammed has been in long-term
therapy after his experiences and Ayesha described her situation as “a
mental torture”.
Even as these cases represent the limit case and are few in number they are
significant for the symbolic role they play, as illustrations of how citizenship
can be unmade.
Conclusion: deforming and depriving citizenship
The minor attention given to the modified forms of citizenship deprivation is
compounded by the near silence on the racialized logics underpinning both
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