Country Profiles The next three chapters look closely at the legal frameworks for nationality and documentation of identity—and how they are implemented—in Brazil, Chile, and Colombia. These countries have slightly different jus soli norms, ranging from unrestricted jus soli in Brazil to jus soli subjected to exceptions in Chile to conditional jus soli in Colombia. All three are bound by the jus soli statelessness safeguard under the ACHR. The countries’ distinct historical backgrounds, policy responses to changing migration patterns, and economic and political contexts have resulted in distinct jus soli frameworks. However, the following factors affect how all three countries, and likely others in the region, implement their existing legal frameworks: • Disharmony between outdated domestic legal frameworks and international obligations. • Structural shortcomings in the provision of identity documents. • Problems in the interaction between nationality regulations and other fields of law, particularly civil registration. • Limited geographic distribution of administrative offices providing identity documents and other citizenship services. • Insufficient training and lack of supervision of registrars and other officials. • Hard-to-meet evidentiary standards. • Inconsistent interpretations of legal thresholds. • Insufficient specialized measures to meet the needs of vulnerable populations. • Absence of retroactive measures to address denials of nationality created by changes in administrative policies. BORN IN THE AMERICAS 37