Regional Overview Regional Overview Country Primary legal identity document Other key identity documents commonly used to prove identity/citizenship SUB REGION - THE PACIFIC American Samoa US birth certificate / Certificate of Identity (US territory regime) US passport; US Certificate of Citizenship or Naturalization Australia No single primary ID; mul- Passport; driver’s licence; Medicare card; birth certificate; tiple documents used citizenship certificate Fiji Birth certificate as primary legal identity Passport; voter ID; driver’s license; citizenship certificate (where issued) Guam US birth certificate / Certificate of Identity US passport; US Certificate of Citizenship or Naturalization Kiribati Birth certificate Passport; voter card Marshall Islands Birth certificate Passport; certificate of citizenship (where applicable) Micronesia Birth certificate Passport; other local IDs Nauru Birth certificate Passport; Nauru ID card New Zealand No single primary ID; mul- Passport; driver licence; birth certificate; citizenship certiftiple documents used icate; refugee travel document; certificate of identity Northern Mariana Islands US birth certificate / Certificate of Identity Palau Birth certificate treated as proof of citizenship Passport; Digital Residency card (non-citizen); citizenship certificate (where applicable) Papua New Guinea National ID card (PNGNIC); birth certificate Passport; voter card Samoa Birth certificate treated as proof of citizenship Passport; national ID (when rolled out); citizenship certificate (for naturalized citizens) Solomon Islands Birth certificate Passport; national ID (if implemented); voter ID Tonga Nationality Identity Card Birth certificate; passport; residence permit for non-citizens Tuvalu Birth certificate Passport; voter card Vanuatu National ID card (VanuatuID) Birth certificate; E-ID; passport Table 2 Status of digital ID systems across Asia-Pacific Signifies Operational Signifies Planned Signifies Foundational Signifies Functional Country Digital ID system Status Signifies Not Identified FuncRequires citizen- Accessible tional/ ship for enrolto stateless Founda- ment? persons tional Effectively mandatory to access services SUB REGION - CENTRAL ASIA Kazakhstan eGov Mobile; digital ID linked to national registers ⛔ Generally yes; Limited some access routes for foreign nationals Increasingly yes Kyrgyzstan Tunduk Generally yes or lawful residence Limited Increasingly yes Tajikistan IMZO Generally yes or lawful residence Limited For some services, increasingly yes Turkmenistan Planned USIA / no confirmed operational national digital ID Uzbekistan OneID / eID US passport; US citizenship documents No clear access Generally yes or lawful residence Limited ⛔ Increasingly yes SUB REGION - EAST ASIA China Internet ID Citizens and some legal residents through existing registries Hong Kong iAM Smart Hong Kong ID holders / residents ⛔ ⛔ Increasingly yes for online services Not universally, but increasingly important 26 27 STATELESSNESS ENCYCLOPEDIA ASIA PACIFIC THIRD EDITION - REGIONAL OVERVIEW REPORT 2026