More than 200,000 Rohingya sought refuge in Bangladesh in 1977-78, and 280,000 fled from forced labor, rape, and religious persecution by the Myanmar military in 1991-92.*° On both occasions, Bangladesh carried out large-scale forced returns. In the 1970s, some 9,000 people starved to death when Bangladesh cut their food rations to pressure them to leave. Only a small fraction of Rohingya refugees from 1991-92 were granted refugee status before Bangladesh suspended refugee registration in mid-1992; approximately 236,000 had been repatriated by 2005.12 When Rohingya again fled violence in Rakhine State in June 2012, Bangladesh closed its borders and sent 4,000 people back to Myanmar by October 2012.73 Another wave of 80,000 Rohingya fled to Bangladesh following attacks in October 2016. By 2017, there were up to 300,000 Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh, of whom around 33,000 were officially recognized as refugees before mid-1992, including their children.4 Since late August 2017, an additional 740,000 refugees have arrived, fleeing attacks by the Myanmar military in Rakhine State.5 Bangladesh considers the latest arrivals as “Forcibly Displaced Myanmar Nationals” but has not granted them refugee status.*¢ Since the 1978 refugee influx, if not before, Bangladesh has denied Rohingya refugees permission to work, freedom of movement, or access to education.” Bangladesh has justified its denial of international protection to Rohingya refugees due to the “social and economic challenges it faces in caring for its own citizens,” UNHCR noted in 2007.18 20 UNHCR, “Submission by UNHCR for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ compilation report: Universal Periodic Review, Bangladesh,” p.1, October 2012, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/508640242.pdf (accessed June 2, 2019). 11 Jeff Crisp, “Primitive People’: The untold story of UNHCR’s Historical Engagement with Rohingya Refugees,” October 2018, Humanitarian Practice Network / Overseas Development Institute, https://odihpn.org/magazine/primitive-people-theuntold-story-of-unhcrs-historical-engagement-with-rohingya-refugees/ (accessed June 2, 2019). See also Human Rights Watch, Bangladesh is Not My Country: Stateless Rohingya Refugees Expelled from Myanmar, August 2018, p. 13, https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/report_pdf/bangladesho818_web2.pdf. 12 Bangladesh suspended third-country resettlement of Rohingya refugees in 2010. UNHCR, “Submission by UNHCR for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ compilation report: Universal Periodic Review, Bangladesh,” p.1, October 2012, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/508640242.pdf (accessed June 2, 2019). 13 UNHCR, “Submission by UNHCR for the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights’ compilation report: Universal Periodic Review, Bangladesh,” p.1, October 2012, https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/508640242.pdf (accessed June 2, 2019). 14 Ibid., UNICEF, “Rohingya crisis,” https://www.unicef.org/emergencies/rohingya-crisis (accessed November 1, 2019). +5 Human Rights Watch, Bangladesh is Not My Country: Stateless Rohingya Refugees Expelled from Myanmar, August 2018, p. 13. 16 3019 Joint Response Plan for the Rohingya Humanitarian Crisis, January-December, p. 10. 17 UNHCR, Bangladesh: Analysis of Gaps in the Protection of Rohingya Refugees, May 2007, p. 1, https://www.unhcr.org/46fa1af32.pdf (accessed June 2, 2019). 18 UNHCR, Bangladesh: Analysis of Gaps in the Protection of Rohingya Refugees, May 2007, p. 1. “ARE WE HUMAN?” 20