Contents Executive summary ii Life on the margins ii New threats and challenges iv Key recommendations iv 1 Methodology 1 2 Regional overview 2 2.1 The scale of the problem 2 2.2 International legal obligations 3 2.3 Lack of legal status, its causes and consequences 4 2.4 Limited access to education 5 2.5 A vulnerable population 6 3 Country by country snapshot 9 3.1 Myanmar 9 3.2 Bangladesh 13 3.3 Malaysia 18 3.4 Thailand 21 3.5 Indonesia 25 4 Conclusion and recommendations 29 Recommendations 29 Nationality and identity documentation 29 Access to education 31 Child protection 33 Other recommendations 34 Endnotes 36