(g) Protection metrics: incidence of gender-based violence in camps; access to health services — drawn from humanitarian agencies and national surveys. (h) Social indicators: surveys of host-community attitudes to detect xenophobia trends; rates of conflict incidents in host areas. Periodic evaluations (at 3–5-year intervals) should assess not merely legal compliance but actual outcomes: are displaced people and former refugees effectively integrated, or is conflict recurring? All data and progress reports should be made publicly available through AU, REC, or UN portals. Success stories should be highlighted to build political support, while shortcomings must be candidly reported. 11. Conclusion Addressing forced migration and statelessness in Africa demands a multi-layered legal and policy response. By clarifying rights, strengthening institutions, and promoting inclusive solutions, stakeholders can mitigate these structural drivers of conflict. The measures recommended in this essay (from treaty ratification to community integration, land restitution, gender-equal nationality law, and robust M&E) echo lessons drawn from best practices across the continent and aim to close critical gaps. Restoring security and social cohesion in Africa requires recognizing displaced and stateless people not as problems, but as rights-holders and contributors to Africa's future.