capacity-building, and encourage diaspora and private-sector investment in displaced-host communities.65 9. Implementation Roadmap A phased roadmap sequences these recommendations into short-, medium-, and long-term priorities. In the near term, legal harmonization and institutional set-up are critical; in the medium term, the focus shifts to programmatic integration and reform; in the longer term, to structural transformation toward stability. Coordination bodies (the AU, RECs, and national task forces) must monitor progress and adjust timelines. Funding should be matched to phases: emergency response now, development projects later. Capacity-building underpins every stage. Continental actions prioritized in the near term include ratification of the Kampala Convention66 and AU Statelessness Protocol,67 the launch of a universal registration campaign, and the establishment of an AU Migration Observatory. At the national level, the enactment and updating of asylum and IDP laws, the creation of statelessness determination procedures, and civil registration overhauls should precede longer-term integration programmes and gender-equality reforms in nationality law. International support should front-load funding mechanisms and technical legal assistance, transitioning over time to sustained development financing, data collection, and long-term resilience investments. 10. Monitoring and Evaluation Framework A robust monitoring and evaluation (M&E) framework is essential to track progress. Key indicators should be both quantitative and qualitative, spanning the following domains: (a) Ratification and legislation: number of African states ratifying the Kampala Convention,68 the AU Statelessness Protocol, or enacting national asylum and IDP laws; presence of SDPs in domestic law. (b) Coverage: percentage of births registered (baseline versus target); number and percentage of displaced children in school. (c) Solution outcomes: numbers of refugees voluntarily repatriated, resettled, or locally integrated per year; numbers of IDPs returned or settled locally; speed of refugee status determination (RSD) decisions. (d) Legal resolution: number of statelessness determination claims processed and granted; number of land restitution cases adjudicated. (e) Capacity: number of staff trained in asylum and displacement law; national budget allocations for refugee and IDP response. (f) Coordination: frequency of regional meetings or joint plans on displacement; existence of national displacement strategies. 65 See World Bank, "Refugee-Related Forced Displacement https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/forced-displacement. 66 Kampala Convention (n 3). 67 AU Statelessness Protocol (n 23). 68 Kampala Convention (n 3). Overview" (World Bank, 2024),