     reforming nationality laws to account for foundlings (Razali) or improved safeguards in relation to renunciation of citizenship in crossborder marriages (Kneebone). However, there is now appreciation of the fact that discrimination is far more likely to underpin such ‘gaps’, and indeed discrimination in the implementation of nationality laws is a major factor in the cause of largescale statelessness globally. Such discrimination can be embedded in the way nationality laws are drafted but more often than not discrimination manifests in the unequal application of laws and implementation of regulations in practice. The definition of a stateless person under the 1954 Convention ostensibly accounts for this fact – by drawing attention to the ‘operation’ of nationality laws.92 The contributions to our volume further highlight the multifaceted nature through which discrimination materializes in states’ administrative and bureaucratic practices. Recent scholarship has also emphasized the pivotal role of racial discrimination as both a cause and consequence of statelessness. Foster and Baker note the many cases where nationality laws have a racially or ethnically discriminatory basis.93 As they observe, racialized citizenship often intersects with gender or religious discrimination, and can manifest both directly and indirectly.94 Similarly, in Asia, significant grounds of discrimination relate to gender and race, but also religion. The fact that so many states retain explicit gender-discriminatory nationality laws – including Brunei, Malaysia and Nepal in the region – means that much attention has been (understandably) focused on instances of direct discrimination. Furthermore, gender discrimination in nationality laws may manifest differently across jurisdictions and populations, as is highlighted in Kneebone’s chapter in this volume on marriage migration to East Asia. This nuanced and original contribution reveals how ‘laws and policies on nationality, in both Korea and Taiwan, both include and exclude the UNHCR, ‘Guidelines on Statelessness No 1: The Definition of “Stateless Person” in Article 1(1) of the 1954 Convention relating to the Status of Stateless Persons’ (20 February 2012) UN Doc HCR/GS/12/01 <www.refworld.org/pdfid/4f4371b82.pdf.> accessed 13 September 2023. 93 Michelle Foster and Timnah Rachel Baker, ‘Racial Discrimination in Nationality Laws: A Doctrinal Blind Spot of International Law?’ (2021) 11(1) Columbia Journal of Race and Law 83, 94–97. 94 At 92–93; see also David Scott FitzGerald, ‘The History of Racialized Citizenship’ in Ayelet Shachar, Rainer Bauböck, Irene Bloemraad and Maarten Vink (eds) in The Oxford Handbook of Citizenship (Oxford University Press 2017) 129, 130. 92 https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009399555.003 Published online by Cambridge University Press