A Typology of Statelessness not a surprise that the Government of France granted him a three-month residence permit, despite his statelessness. In the following years, Davis travelled to many countries including the United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, India, Pakistan, Iran and Japan. Entry into these countries was always difficult but never impossible. When leaving France for the United States, for example, Davis ‘was classified as a “French non-quota immigrant” who was to become a resident alien’.69 Although the United States was no longer supposed to take responsibility for Davis’ protection from other countries, it did so nevertheless.70 When deported from the United Kingdom, a US immigration official welcomed him cheerfully, telling him that they were just ‘trying to play ball with [him]’.71 It was a clear indication that Davis had not lost the social recognition of his former country of origin.72 In his case, social recognition was also granted by foreign countries. The governments of Ecuador, Laos, Yemen and Saudi Arabia even accepted his world citizen passport on a de facto basis.73 When in custody in the Netherlands, the Government of the Netherlands argued that Davis was not a refugee, thereby indirectly suggesting that his attachment to the United States was not broken.74 All of this shows that his US nationality was never really disputed by anyone other than himself. While no country was supposed to take responsibility for his protection from other countries, he was always indirectly taken care of by the United States Government.75 This is to say that Davis remained both a de facto US national and a de jure US national. Born into extremely favourable conditions and always being treated well by his country of origin and other countries, Davis’ case moreover suggests that voluntarily renouncing one’s nationality may not lead to repercussions if one comes from a position of privilege.76 Mike Gogulski, another former US national who renounced his nationality, made this point equally clear when he remarked in an interview that he had not faced any serious problems caused by being de jure stateless. When asked about de jure statelessness in general, he emphasised that ‘everybody’s situation is very different and what is relatively easy for me to do could cause huge disruption in somebody’s life if they didn’t really ponder it very carefully and understand all the implications before doing it’.77 In this Part, I have shown that someone can become legally statelessness by renouncing their nationality themselves. In this situation of voluntary statelessness, legal non-recognition does not necessarily coincide with social non69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 ibid 80. ibid 115. ibid 104. ibid 106. ibid 110, 113. ibid 161. ibid 161, 210–11. Davis’ father, a New York Orchestra leader, had great social and economic capital. Davis himself was an United States Army Air Force veteran and on the way to becoming a Broadway star. See Margalit Fox, ‘Garry Davis, Man of No Nation Who Saw One World of No War, Dies at 91’, The New York Times, (online, 28 July 2013) <https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/29/us/garry-davis-man-of-no-nation-dies-at-91.html>, archived at <https://perma.cc/828N-6U56>. Sophie McBain, ‘Will the Wealthy Burn Their Passports? The Pros and Cons of Modern Statelessness’, Spears World (Blog Post, 25 June 2013) <https://web.archive.org/web/20130630071737/http:/www.spearswms.com/spearsworld/article-of-the-week/47957/will-the-wealthy-burn-their-passports-the-pros-and-consof-modern-statelessness.thtml>, archived at <https://perma.cc/8HNQ-YNAZ>. 247