30 Theoretical error, real-world problems Files’, a series of 2000 testimonies from detainees on the island, cataloguing extreme abuses of persons with no legal recourse.13 These individuals bear substantial burdens as a result of their unrecognised noncitizenship and the state of exception that this allows. Their bodies are relocated geographically, cementing the ambiguity in their human relationships with the Australian State.14 This takes us to the third site of burden-bearing, when a noncitizen is physically far from a State that has overwhelming power over her/is life. The changing nature of the relationship between the inhabitants of the Bikini Atoll in­ the­ Marshall­ Islands­ and­ the­ United­ States­ can­ help­ to­ illustrate­ this.­ The­ US­ coordinated­ the­ administration­ of­ the­ Marshall­ Islands­ after­ the­ end­ of­ the Second World War. After conducting a series of nuclear tests in the Atoll, the US left Bikini, the largest of the islands, uninhabitable. The individuals were­initially­moved,­at­the­behest­of­the­United­States,­from­one­of­the­Mar shall­ atolls­ to­ another.­ While­ the­ Marshall­ Islands­ is­ now­ an­ independent­ State,­ these­ tests­ have­ rendered­ some­ Marshallese­ particularly­ vulnerable­ in­ various dimensions. This is yet another way in which noncitizenship can arise. In this case, the United States made life unsustainable for faraway others. Those individuals then became directly vulnerable to the US and developed claims, that the US has largely recognised, as a result.15 Important in the Bikini Atoll example is also the way in which this relationship between individuals from Bikini and the State of the­US­evolved­over­time.­It­altered­with­changes­both­in­the­Marshall­Islands­ and in the US, as well as in the relationship between the two. It also altered as the affected individuals migrated. The language of (unhyphenated) noncitizenship facilitates analysis of the interconnection between these various dimensions of the individual-State relationship. Noncitizens bear the burdens of inadequate theory and its implications for the real world. At the same time, there are not yet mechanisms through which nonci tizens qua noncitizens can impact upon this situation. It is a vicious cycle. For this reason, those most affected by this burden will need to adopt informal means in­order­to­be­acknowledged.­And­they­do.­At­the­extreme­is­Esrafil­at­the­head­ of this section. Those who are insiders to the theory bear substantial obligation both to redress these burdens and to ensure that the perspectives of the excluded are­ fed­ into­ the­ development­ of­ a­ more­ just­ theoretical­ and­ real-­world­ set­ of­ institutional structures that more adequately suit the world as it really is. This book focuses upon institutional obligations of States built upon liberal demo cratic principles. But derivative from this will be political obligations also upon citizens and even quasi-citizens. 13­ See­ www.theguardian.com/australia-news/ng-interactive/2016/aug/10/the-nauru-files-the-lives-of­ asylum-seekers-in-detention-detailed-in-a-unique-database-interactive (accessed 2 April 2017). 14 The situation for irregular immigrants is revisited in Chapter 4. 15 Chapter 7 presents this example in more detail and engages with the more complex historical relationship­between­the­US­and­the­Marshall­Islands.